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LEIDEN or See also:LEYDEN, a See also:city in the See also:province of See also:South See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland, the See also:kingdom of the See also:Netherlands, on the Old See also:Rhine, and a junction station 13 m. by See also:rail S.S.W. of See also:Haarlem. It is connected by See also:steam See also:tramway with Haarlem and The See also:Hague respectively, and with the seaside resorts of Katwyk and Noordwyk. There is also See also:regular steamboat connexion with Katwyk, Noordwyk, Amster-See also:dam and See also:Gouda. The See also:population of Leiden which, it is estimated, reached roo,000 in 164o, had sunk to 30,000 between 1796 and 1811, and in 1904 was 56,044. The two branches of the Rhine which enter Leiden on the See also:east unite in the centre of the See also:town, which is further intersected by numerous small and sombre canals, with See also:- TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
- TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )
tree-bordered quays and old houses. On the south See also:side of the town pleasant gardens extend along the old Singel, or See also:outer See also:canal, and there is a large open space, the See also:Van der Werf See also:Park, named after the burgomaster, Pieter Andriaanszoon van der Werf, who defended the town against the Spaniards in 1574. This open space was formed by the accidental See also:explosion of a powdership in 1807, hundreds of houses being demolished, including that of the See also:Elzevir See also:family of printers. At the junction of the two arms of the Rhine stands the old See also:castle (De Burcht), a circular See also:tower built on an earthen See also:mound. Its origin is unknown, but some connect it with See also:Roman days and others with the Saxon Hengist. Of Leiden's old gateways only two—both dating from the end of the 17th See also:century—are See also:standing. Of the numerous churches the See also:chief are the Hooglandsche Kerk, or the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church of St Pancras, built in the 15th century and restored in 1885–1002, containing the See also:monument of Pieter Andriaanszoon van der Werf, and the Pieterskerk (1315) with monuments to See also:Scaliger, See also:Boerhaave and other famous scholars. The most interesting buildings are the town See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
hall (Stadhuis), a See also:fine example of 16th-century Dutch See also:building; the Gemeenlandshuis van Rynland (1J96, restored 1878) ; the See also:weight-See also:house built by Pieter See also:Post (1658); the former See also:court-house, now a military storehouse; and the See also:ancient gymnasium (1599) and the so-called city See also:timber-house (Stads Timmerhuis) (1612), both built by Lieven de See also:Key (c. 156o–1627).
In spite of a certain See also:industrial activity and the periodical bustle of its See also:cattle and See also:dairy markets, Leiden remains essentially an See also:academic city. The university is a flourishing institution. It was founded by See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William of See also:Orange in 1575 as a See also:reward for the heroic See also:defence of the previous See also:year, the tradition being that the citizens were offered the choice between a university and a certain exemption from taxes. Originally located in the See also:convent of St See also:Barbara, the university was removed in 1581 to the convent of the See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
White Nuns, the site of which it still occupies, though that building was destroyed in 1616. The presence within See also:half a century of the date of its See also:foundation of such scholars as Justus See also:Lipsius, See also:Joseph Scaliger, See also:Francis See also:Gomarus, See also:Hugo See also:Grotius, Jacobus See also:Arminius, See also:Daniel See also:Heinsius and Guardas Johannes See also:Vossius, at once raised Leiden university to the highest See also:European fame, a position which the learning and reputation of Jacobus See also:Gronovius, See also:Hermann Boerhaave, Tiberius See also:Hemsterhuis and See also:David Ruhnken, among others, enabled it to maintain down to the end of the 18th century. The portraits of many famous professors since the, earliest days hang in the university aula, one of the most memorable places, as See also:Niebuhr called it, in the See also:history of See also:science. The university library contains upwards of 190,000 volumes and 6000 See also:MSS. and pamphlet portfolios, and is very See also:rich in See also:Oriental and See also:Greek MSS. and old Dutch travels. Among the institutions connected with the university are the See also:national institution for East See also:Indian See also:languages, See also:ethnology and See also:geography; the fine botanical gardens, founded in 1587; the See also:observatory
See also:LEIDY 395
(186o); the natural history museum, with a very See also:complete anatomical See also:cabinet; the museum of antiquities (Museum van Oudheden), with specially valuable See also:Egyptian and Indian departments; a museum of Dutch antiquities from the earliest times; and three ethnographical museums, of which the See also:nucleus was P. F. von See also:Siebold's See also:Japanese collections. The anatomical and pathological laboratories of the university are See also:modern, and the museums of See also:geology and See also:mineralogy have been restored. The university has now five faculties, of which those of See also:law and See also:medicine are the most celebrated, and is attended by about I200 students.
The municipal museum, founded in 1869 and located in the old See also:cloth-hall (Laeckenhalle) (164o), contains a varied collection of antiquities connected with Leiden, as well as some paintings including See also:works by the See also:elder van Swanenbnrgh, See also:Cornelius Engelbrechtszoon, See also:Lucas van Leiden and See also:Jan See also:Steen, who were all natives of Leiden. Jan van See also:Goyen, See also:Gabriel See also:Metsu, See also:Gerard Dou and See also:Rembrandt were also natives of this town. There is also a small collection of paintings in the Meermansburg. The Thysian library occupies an old See also:Renaissance building of the year 1655, and is especially rich in legal works and native See also:chronicles. Noteworthy also are the collection of the Society of Dutch Literature (1766); the collections of casts and of engravings; the See also:seamen's training school; the Remonstrant See also:seminary, transferred hither from See also:Amsterdam in '1873; the two hospitals (one of which is private) ; the house of correction; and the court-house.
Leiden is an ancient town, although it is not the Lugdunum Batavorum of the See also:Romans. Its See also:early name was Leithen, and it was governed until 142o by burgraves, the representatives of the courts of Holland. The most celebrated event in its history is its See also:siege by the Spaniards in 1574. Besieged from May until See also:October, it was at length relieved by the cutting of the dikes, thus enabling See also:ships to carry provisions to the inhabitants of the flooded town. The See also:weaving establishments (mainly broadcloth) of Leiden at the See also:close of the 15th century were very important, and after the See also:expulsion of the Spaniards Leiden cloth, Leiden See also:baize and Leiden camlet were See also:familiar terms. These See also:industries afterwards declined, and in the beginning of the 19th century the baize manufacture was altogether given up. See also:Linen and woollen manufactures are now the most important industries, while there is a considerable transit See also:trade in See also:butter and See also:cheese.
Katwyk, or Katwijk, 6 m. N.W. of Leiden, is a popular seaside resort and fishing See also:village. Close by are the See also:great locks constructed in 1807 by the engineer, F. W. See also:Conrad (d. 18o8), through which the Rhine (here called the Katwyk canal) is admitted into the See also:sea at See also:low See also:tide. The See also:shore and the entrance to the canal are strengthened by huge dikes. In 152o an ancient Roman See also:camp known as the Britten-See also:burg was discovered here. It was square in shape, each side measuring 82 yds., and the remains stood about in ft. high. By the See also:middle of the 18th century it had been destroyed and covered by the sea.
See P. J. Blok, Eine hollandsche stad in de middeleeuwen (The Hague, 1883); and for the siege see J. L. See also:Motley, The Rise of the Dutch See also:Republic (1896).
End of Article: LEIDEN
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