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Originally appearing in Volume V19, Page 312 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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SHIPS See also:

BUILDING Battleships . . . E. F. R. G. I. U. J. 9 6 8 8 2 4 3 Armd. Cruisers 3 2 2 3 2 .. I Protected Cruisers, II.

9 • . • • 5 • • • • 3 Unprotected Cruisers 2 .. .. .. . . T.B. Destroyers . . 37 17 .. 12 2 15 . 2 Submarines . . . II 23 3 * 10 3 * Number uncertain.

organizations of the See also:

ancient See also:world, and of the See also:sea fighting of the See also:time are to be found in the historians of See also:Greece and See also:Rome: Signor G. Corazzini has written a Storia della marina militare antica (Livorno, 1882). Valuable details of the Imperial See also:Roman See also:navy and of the See also:Byzantine navy will be found in See also:Professor See also:Bury's appendices to his edition of See also:Gibbon's Decline and Fall, vol. 1. apx. 5, and vol. vi. apx. 5. See also:General histories of the navies of the world have been written, but they are inevitably See also:apt to be little more than jejune reviews of the See also:dates, and results of battles. This is certainly the See also:case with the See also:great See also:folio of the See also:English writer See also:Josiah Burchett, A See also:Complete See also:History of the most remarkable transactions at Sea, from the earliest accounts of time to the conclusion of the last See also:war with See also:France, wherein is given an See also:account of the most considerable See also:Naval Expeditions, Sea Fights, Stratagems, Discoveries and other Maritime Occurrences that have happened among all nations that have flourished at Sea; and in a more particular manner of Great See also:Britain from the time of the Revolution in 1688 to the aforesaid See also:period (1720). The later See also:part is however valuable, for Burchett, who was secretary to the See also:admiralty, had See also:access to See also:good authorities for his own time, and had served at sea as secretary to See also:Russell, See also:Lord See also:Orford. There is an Histoire de la marine de tous See also:les peuples, by M. A. du Sein (See also:Paris, 1879) which is of no great value.

See also:

Medieval: As regards the medieval navies the first See also:place may be allowed to the Italians. A general bibliography of See also:Italian nautical literature, Saggio de una bibliografia marittima italiana, occupying fifty-eight pages, See also:drawn up by Signor Enrico Celani, will be found in the Revista marittima, supplement for 1894 (Rome). The histories of the different Republics of the See also:middle ages See also:record their maritime enterprises. An excellent See also:book, which gives far more than its See also:title promises, is the Storia della marina pontificia of A. Guglielmotti, O.P., in Io volumes published at different times, and in two See also:editions, at See also:Florence 1856, &c. The general maritime history of the Mediterranean in the middle ages is well illustrated in the Memorias sobre la marina comercio y See also:arses de See also:Barcelona (1779–1792) by See also:Don A. Capmany. The naval enterprises of the Norsemen are dealt with in a scholarly See also:fashion by M. G. B. Depping, Histoire See also:des expeditions maritimes des Normands (1826); and with newer knowledge by Mr C. F.

See also:

Keary, The Vikings of Western Christendom (1891). The medieval periods of Western navies are treated in their respective naval histories. Great Britain:—The History of the Royal Navy to the See also:French Revolution, by See also:Sir N. See also:Harris See also:Nicolas (1847), is unfortunately in-complete. It ends at the See also:year 1422, but is the See also:work of a most laborious and exact See also:antiquary, who had been a naval officer in his youth. The administrative history of the See also:British navy until 166o is the subject of the History of the See also:Administration of the Navy and of See also:Merchant See also:Shipping in relation to the Navy (1896) by Mr M. See also:Oppenheim —a most valuable collection of materials. The See also:campaigns and battles of the navy are told, generally from the public letters of the admirals, and with no great measure of See also:criticism in several compilations. The Naval History of See also:England (1735) by Mr T. Lediard, is copious and useful. The Naval See also:Chronology, or an See also:Historical See also:Summary of Naval and Maritime Events from the Time of the See also:Romans to the Treaty of See also:Peace 1802, by See also:Captain See also:Isaac See also:Schomberg (1802), contains a See also:mass of valuable See also:information, lists of ships, dates of construction, &c., and some administrative details. Less comprehensive, but still useful, is such a compilation as The General History of the See also:Late War (that is, the Seven Years' War), by Dr See also:John Entick " and other gentlemen " (1763).

A much better book is The Naval and Military See also:

Memoirs of Great Britain 1727 10_ 1783 (1804) by Mr R. Beatson, a very careful and well-informed writer who had seen some service as a marine officer. The Lives of the British Admirals, containing a new and accurate Naval History from the earliest periods, by Dr J. See also:Campbell (1779), may he profitably consulted, with caution, for it by no means justifies its claim to novelty and accuracy in all parts. The Naval History of Great Britain, from 1793 to the See also:accession of See also:George IV., by Mr W. See also:James (1827), republished with a continuation by Captain See also:Chamier in 1837, is a See also:standard authority. A far less useful work, which, however, is in parts written from first-See also:hand knowledge, is The Naval History of Great Britain by Captain W. P. See also:Brenton, first published in 1823, and republished in 1836. The See also:Field of See also:Mars, a compilation in See also:dictionary See also:form published in 1781, with an enormous title-See also:page, is not without value for some of the naval transactions of the 18th See also:century. The History of the British Navy from the Earliest Period to the See also:Present Time (1863) by Dr C. D.

See also:

Yonge, contains some See also:original See also:matter for the naval transactions of the 19th century. The Royal Navy, in 7 large volumes (1897–1903), edited and partly written by Sir W. L. Clowes, is a compilation of unequal value. Some of Sir W. L. Clowes's coadjutors, notably Captain See also:Mahan and Sir C. R. See also:Markham, are of high See also:standing and authority. The book is copiously illustrated. The Naval See also:Chronicle, 1799–1818, a See also:magazine, contains masses of useful matter, for the Revolutionary and See also:Napoleonic See also:Wars. The Royal Naval See also:Biography of Captain John See also:Marshall, giving the lives of all See also:officers on the See also:list in 1823 or promoted later (1823-1835), with a supplement (1827–1830), may be consulted, but is too uncritical and too uniformly laudatory.

The Naval See also:

Biographical Dictionary: See also:life and services of every living officer (1846), by See also:Lieutenant W. R. O'Bryne, is a solid book of reference. The publications of the Navy Record Society (1894 and subsequent years) contain large and valuable publications of original matter, with some reprints of old authorities, such as Sir W. See also:Monson's Tracts, which were difficult of access. See also A See also:Short History of the Royal Navy, by See also:David See also:Hannay. France:—The naval history of France has been much written about since 184o. Not many of the books published have been of considerable value. The Histoire maritime de la France of M. See also:Leon See also:Guerin (1844), was meant to meet a popular demand and satisfy See also:national vanity. The Histoire de la marine francaise of M. See also:Eugene See also:Sue (1845–1846) is mainly a See also:romance, but it contains some useful See also:evidence.

The Histoire de la marine francaise of Le See also:

Comte de Bonfils Lablenie (1845), a naval officer, is of more value, but is somewhat wanting in criticism. The Precis historique de la marine francaise of M. See also:Chasseriau (1845); the Histoire generale de la marine (1853); the Histoire de la marine francaise of M. In See also:Saint (1877) ; and the Histoire nationale de la marine frangaise depuis See also:Jean See also:Bart (1878) of M. Trousset are compilations. La Marine de guerre, ses institutions militaires depuis son origine jusqu'a nos jours, by Capne Gougeard (1877); the Essai sur l'histoire de l'administration de la marine francaise of M. See also:Lambert de Sainte Croix (1892); and the excellent little book of M. Loir on La Marine royale, 1789 (n.d.), may be consulted with See also:pleasure and profit. The three books of M. Jai, Archeologie navale (184o), Glossaire nautique .(1848) and See also:Abraham du Quesne et la marine de son temps (1872) are all of high value. Les Batailles navales de la France of Capne Troude (1867), is a carefully written account of naval actions. The Histoire de la marine francaise, See also:pendant la guerre de l'See also:independence americaine (1877); Sous la premiere republique (1886); Sous le consulat et l'See also:empire (1886) ; De 1815 al 87o (1900) and La Marine frangaise et la marine See also:allemande, 1870–1871 (1873) of Capne See also:Chevalier, are thorough and See also:critical.

M. G. Lacour-Gayet, Professor at L'Ecole superieure de la Marine, has published two books of serious See also:

research, but marked by some national See also:prejudice, La Marine militaire de la France sous le regne de See also:Louis X V. (1902), and La Marine militaire de la France sous le regne de Louis XVI. (1905). The Recherches sur l'ancien clos des galees de See also:Rouen (1864) of M. C. de Robillard de Beaurepaire, and the life of Jean de See also:Vienne by the See also:Marquis Terrier de Loray (1878), are valuable monographs on passages of See also:early French naval history. The Projets et tentatives de debarquement aux Iles britanniques by Capne Desbriere (1900 seq.) is a most valuable authority. A very scholarly Histoire de la marine frangaise was begun in 1899 by M. C. de la Ronciere. See also:Miscellaneous :—The standard authorities for See also:Spanish naval history are, La Marina de Castilla (1892), and La See also:Armada Espanola desde la See also:union de Castilla y See also:Aragon (1895–1901), of Captain Cesareo See also:Fernandez Duro. The Geschienes See also:van het Nederlandsche Zeewezen of Mr J.

C. de Jonghe (1858), is an admirable and exhaustive history of the Dutch navy. The History of the Maritime Wars of the See also:

Turks, by Haji Khalfa (or Hugji Chalifa), translated by Mr J. See also:Mitchell for the See also:Oriental See also:Translation Fund (1831), may be read with curiosity and some profit. There are two general histories of the navy of the See also:United States by Fenimore See also:Cooper (1839), and by Mr E. S. Maclay (1894) ; the second is the See also:fuller, and the more critical. Captain Mahan's See also:Influence of Sea See also:Power on History 1660–1783 (189o), and his Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire 1793 1812 (1892), must be classed apart as studies of the general inter-See also:action of navies on one another and on See also:international relations. The See also:long See also:series of readable monographs by See also:Admiral Jurien de la Graviere, covering the whole field of naval warfare from the Peloponnesian War to his own time, contain much information and See also:sound criticism. (D.

End of Article: SHIPS

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