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See also:MAXWELL, See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
JAMES CLERK (1831–1879) , See also:British physicist, was the last representative of a younger See also:branch of the well-known Scottish See also:family of Clerk of Penicuik, and was See also:born at See also:Edinburgh on the 13th of See also:November 1831. He was educated at the Edinburgh See also:Academy (1840–1847) and the university of Edinburgh (1847–1850). Entering at See also:Cambridge in 1850, he spent a See also:term or two at Peterhouse, but afterwards migrated to Trinity. In 1854 he took his degree as second wrangler, and was declared equal with the See also:senior wrangler of his See also:year (E. J. See also:Routh, q.v.) in the higher See also:ordeal of the See also:- SMITH
- SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
- SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
- SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
- SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
- SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
- SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
- SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
- SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
- SMITH, G
- SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
- SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
- SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
- SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
- SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
- SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
- SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
- SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
- SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
- SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
- SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
- SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
- SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
- SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
- SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
- SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
- SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
- SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
- SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
- SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
- SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)
Smith's See also:prize examination. He held the See also:chair of Natural See also:Philosophy in Marischal See also:College, See also:Aberdeen, from 1856 till the See also:fusion of the two colleges there in 1860. For eight years subsequently he held the chair of Physics and See also:Astronomy in See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King's College, See also:London, but resigned in 1868 and retired to his See also:estate of Glenlair in See also:Kirkcudbrightshire. He was summoned from his seclusion in 1871 to become the first holder of the newly founded professorship of Experimental Physics in Cambridge; and it was under his direction that the plans of the See also:Cavendish Laboratory were prepared. He superintended every step of the progress of the See also:building and of the See also:purchase of the very valuable collection of apparatus with which it was equipped at the expense of its munificent founder the seventh See also:duke of See also:Devonshire (See also:chancellor of the university, and one of its most distinguished alumni). He died at Cambridge on the 5th of November 1879.
For more than See also:half of his brief See also:life he held a prominent position in the very foremost See also:rank of natural philosophers. His contributions to scientific See also:societies began in his fifteenth year, when See also:Professor J. D. See also:Forbes communicated to the Royal Society of Edinburgh a See also:short See also:paper of his on a See also:mechanical method of tracing Cartesian ovals. In his eighteenth year, while still a student in Edinburgh, he contributed two valuable papers to the Transactions of the same society—one of which, " On the See also:Equilibrium of Elastic Solids," is remarkable, not only on See also:account of its See also:intrinsic See also:power and the youth of its author, but also because in it he laid the See also:foundation of one of the most singular discoveries of his later life, the temporary See also:double See also:refraction produced in viscous liquids by shearing stress. Immediately after taking his degree, he read to the Cambridge Philosophical Society a very novel memoir, " On the Trans-formation of Surfaces by Bending." This is one of the few purely mathematical papers he published, and it exhibited at once to experts the full See also:genius of its author. About the same
xvIl. 30time appeared his elaborate memoir, " On See also:Faraday's Lines of Force," in which he gave the first indication of some of those extraordinary See also:electrical investigations which culminated in the greatest See also:work of his life. He obtained in 1859 the See also:- ADAMS
- ADAMS, ANDREW LEITH (1827-1882)
- ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS (1807-1886)
- ADAMS, HENRY (1838— )
- ADAMS, HENRY CARTER (1852— )
- ADAMS, HERBERT (i858— )
- ADAMS, HERBERT BAXTER (1850—1901)
- ADAMS, JOHN (1735–1826)
- ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY (1767-1848)
- ADAMS, SAMUEL (1722-1803)
- ADAMS, THOMAS (d. c. 1655)
- ADAMS, WILLIAM (d. 162o)
Adams prize in Cambridge for a very See also:original and powerful See also:essay, " On the Stability of See also:Saturn's Rings." From 1855 to 1872 he published at intervals a See also:series of valuable investigations connected with the " See also:Perception of See also:Colour " and " Colour-See also:Blindness," for the earlier of which he received the See also:Rumford See also:medal from the Royal Society in 1860. The See also:instruments which he devised for these investigations were See also:simple and convenient, but could not have been thought of for the purpose except by a See also:man whose knowledge was co-extensive with his ingenuity. One of his greatest investigations See also:bore on the " Kinetic Theory of Gases." Originating with D. See also:Bernoulli, this theory was advanced by the successive labours of See also:John Herapath, J. P. See also:Joule, and particularly R. See also:Clausius, to such an extent as to put its See also:general accuracy beyond a doubt; but it received enormous developments from Maxwell, who in this See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field appeared as an experimenter (on the See also:laws of gaseous See also:friction) as well as a mathematician. He wrote an admirable textbook of the Theory of See also:Heat (1871), and a very excellent elementary See also:treatise on See also:Matter and See also:Motion (1876).
But the See also:great work of his life was devoted to See also:electricity. He began by See also:reading, with the most profound admiration and See also:attention, the whole of Faraday's extraordinary self-revelations, and proceeded to translate the ideas of that See also:master into the succinct and expressive notation of the mathematicians. A considerable See also:part of this See also:translation was accomplished during his career as an undergraduate in Cambridge. The writer had the opportunity of perusing the MS. of " On Faraday's Lines of Force," in a See also:form little different from the final one, a year before Maxwell took his degree. His great See also:object, as it was also the great object of Faraday, was to overturn the See also:idea of See also:action at a distance. The splendid researches of S. D. See also:Poisson and K. F. See also:Gauss had shown how to reduce all the phenomena of statical electricity to See also:mere attractions and repulsions exerted at a distance by particles of an imponderable on one another. See also:Lord See also:Kelvin (See also:Sir W. See also:Thomson) had, in 1846, shown that a totally different See also:assumption, based upon other analogies, led (by its own See also:special mathematical methods) to precisely the same results. He treated the resultant electric force at any point as analogous to the See also:flux of heat from See also:sources distributed in the same manner as the supposed electric particles. This paper of Thomson's, whose ideas Maxwell afterwards See also:developed in an extraordinary manner, seems to have given the first hint that there are at least two perfectly distinct methods of arriving at the known formulae of statical electricity. The step to magnetic phenomena was comparatively simple; but it was otherwise as regards electromagnetic phenomena, where current electricity is essentially involved. An exceedingly ingenious, but highly artificial, theory had been devised by W. E. See also:Weber, which was found capable of explaining all the phenomena investigated by See also:Ampere as well as the See also:induction currents of Faraday. But this was based upon the assumption of a distance-action between electric particles, the intensity of which depended on their relative motion as well as on their position. This was, of course, even more repugnant to Maxwell's mind than the statical distance-action developed by Poisson. The first paper of Maxwell's in which an See also:attempt at an admissible See also:physical theory of See also:electromagnetism was made was communicated to the Royal Society in 1867. But the theory, in a fully developed form, first appeared in 1873 in his great treatise on Electricity and See also:Magnetism. This work was one of the most splendid monuments ever raised by the genius of a single individual. Availing himself of the admirable generalized co-See also:ordinate See also:system of See also:Lagrange, Maxwell showed how to reduce all electric and magnetic phenomena to stresses and motions of a material See also:medium, and, as one preliminary, but excessively severe, test of the truth of his theory, he pointed out that (if the electromagnetic medium be that which is required for the explanation of the phenomena of See also:light) the velocity of light in vacuo should
II
be numerically the same as the ratio of the electromagnetic and electrostatic See also:units. In fact, the means of the best determinations of each of these quantities separately agree with one another more closely than do the various values of either.
One of Maxwell's last great contributions to See also:science was the editing .(with copious original notes) of the Electrical Re-searches of the Hon. See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry Cavendish, from which it appeared that Cavendish, already famous by many other researches (such as the mean See also:density of the See also:earth, the See also:composition of See also:water, &c.), must be looked on as, in his See also:day, a man of Maxwell's own See also:stamp as a theorist and an experimenter of the very first rank.
In private life Clerk Maxwell was one of the most lovable of men, a sincere and unostentatious See also:Christian. Though perfectly See also:free from any trace of envy or See also:ill-will, he yet showed on See also:fit occasion his contempt for that pseudo-science which seeks for the See also:applause of the ignorant by professing to reduce the whole system of the universe to a fortuitous sequence of uncaused events.
His collected See also:works, including the series of articles on the proper-ties of matter, such as " See also:Atom," " Attraction," " Capillary Action," " See also:Diffusion," " See also:Ether," &c., which he contributed to the 9th edition of this See also:encyclopaedia, were issued in two volumes by the Cambridge University See also:Press in 189o; and an extended See also:biography, by his former schoolfellow and lifelong friend Professor See also:Lewis See also:- CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER (1788–1866)
- CAMPBELL, BEATRICE STELLA (Mrs PATRICK CAMPBELL) (1865– )
- CAMPBELL, GEORGE (1719–1796)
- CAMPBELL, JOHN
- CAMPBELL, JOHN (1708-1775)
- CAMPBELL, JOHN CAMPBELL, BARON (1779-1861)
- CAMPBELL, JOHN FRANCIS
- CAMPBELL, LEWIS (1830-1908)
- CAMPBELL, REGINALD JOHN (1867— )
- CAMPBELL, THOMAS (1777—1844)
Campbell, was published in 1882. (P. G.
End of Article: MAXWELL, JAMES CLERK (1831–1879)
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