See also:

• ELECTRICAL
• ELECTRICAL (or ELECTROSTATIC) MACHINE

Winkler (1703–1770), See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

See also:

• EDWARD

Then the positive charge on A induces two charges on A', viz.: a negative on the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

If this See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

B is then brought to face A and uninsulated, so that the charge on A becomes rQ, where r p+ p c,2 p'(I+p2 A is now disconnected from C, and here the first operation ends. It is obvious that at the end of n such operations the charge on A will be r"Q, so that the charge goes on increasing in geometrical progression. If the distance between the disks could be made infinitely small each See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

See also:

• THOMPSON
• THOMPSON, FRANCIS (1860-1907)
• THOMPSON, LAUNT (1833-1894)
• THOMPSON, SIR HENRY, BART
• THOMPSON, SIR JOHN SPARROW (1844-1894)
• THOMPSON, THOMAS PERONNET (1783-1869)
• THOMPSON, WILLIAM HEPWORTH (18ro–1886)

The axis P N is made of varnished glass, and so are the axes that join the three plates with the brass axis N O. The axis N 0 passes through the brass piece M, which stands on an insulating See also:

• PILLAR (0. Fr. piler, Mod. pilier, Late Lat. pilare, from pila, column)

The rotation, by destroying the contacts, preserves this unequal See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

N. P. See also:

• HACHETTE, JEAN NICOLAS PIERRE (1769-1834)
• HACHETTE, JEANNE
• HACHETTE, LOUIS CHRISTOPHE FRANCOIS

In this manner the field plates accumulate charges of opposite sign. See also:

• MODERN

In the course of their rotation two diametrically opposite carriers touched against the ends of a neutralizing conductor so as to form for a moment one conductor, and the moment afterwards these two carriers were insulated, one carrying away a positive charge and the other a negative. Continuing their rotation, the positively charged See also:

• CARRIER
• CARRIER, JEAN BAPTISTE (1956-1794)

Toepler machine. way the carriers which were touched under the influence of the negative field plate sent a part of their charge to See also:

• AUGMENT (Lat. augere, to increase)

On the other side of the rotating disk were placed two metal combs C, C, which consisted of sharp points set in metal rods and were each connected to one of a pair of discharge balls E, D, the distance between which could be varied. To start the machine the balls were brought in contact, one of the paper armatures electrified, say, with positive electricity, and the disk set in See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

against which neutralizing brushes touched. This armature plate revolved in front of a field plate carrying two pieces of tin-foil backed up by larger pieces of varnished paper. The studs on the armature plate were charged inductively by being connected for a moment by a neutralizing wire as they passed in front of the field plates, and then gave up their charges partly to renew the field charges and partly to collecting combs connected to discharge balls. In general See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

The neutralizing conductors for each disk are placed at right angles to each other. In addition there are collecting combs which occupy an intermediate position and have sharp points projecting inwards, and coming near to but not touching the carriers. These combs on opposite sides are connected respectively to the inner coatings of two Leyden jars whose outer coatings are in connexion with one another. The operation of the machine is as follows: Let us suppose that one of the studs on the back plate is positively electrified and one at the opposite end of a diameter is negatively electrified, and that at that moment two corresponding studs on the front plate passing opposite to these back studs are momentarily connected together by the neutralizing wire belonging to the front plate. The positive See also:

• STUD

seen that each stud is in turn both a field plate and a carrier having a charge induced on it, and then passing on in turn induces further charges on other studs. Wimshurst constructed numerous very powerful machines of this type, some of them with multiple plates, which operate in almost any climate, and rarely fail to charge themselves and deliver a torrent of sparks between the dis-11 LI charge balls whenever the winch is t turned. He also devised an alternating current electrical machine in which the discharge balls were alternately positive and negative. Large Wimshurst multiple plate influence machines are often used instead of induction coils for ex-citing See also:

• RONTGEN, DAVID
• RONTGEN, WILHELM KONRAD (1845– )

Lord Kelvin also devised an influence machine, commonly called a " See also:

• MOUSE

Kohlrausch, using a Holtz machine with a plate 16 in. in diameter, found that the current given by it could only electrolyse acidulated water in 40 See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL