ENCYCLOPAEDIA . The Greeks seem to have understood by encyclopaedia (i'yKvKXovraLSeia, or E')(KUK)LOS irauusia) in- struction in the whole circle (iv KvKXO or See also:

• COMPLETE

The See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

For as Cyropaedia means " the instruction of See also:

• CYRUS
• CYRUS (Gr. KDpos; Pers. Kuru-sh; Babyl. Kurash; Hebr. Koresh)

Encyclopaedia is often used to mean a book which is, or professes to be, a complete or very full collection or See also:

• TREATISE

See also:

• SUTHERLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF

His work was a very high authority in the middle ages, and 43 See also:

• EDITIONS

He seldom mentions his authorities except when he quotes the poets or historians. Yet his work was a great one for the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

It is chiefly a rearrangement of Isidore's Etymologies, omitting the first four books, half of the fifth and the tenth (the seven liberal arts, See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

The author of the most famous encyclopaedia of the middle ages was See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

The second part is little more than a copy of the well-known collection of extracts from ancient and modern moralists, called the Moralities of the Philosophers, of which there are many MSS. in prose and verse. Book iii., on politics, begins with a treatise on rhetoric, chiefly from See also:

• CICERO

Some editions add book 20, accidents of things, that is, numbers, measures, weights and sounds. The Paris edition of 1574 has a book on bees. There were 15 editions before 1500. An English See also:

• TRANSLATION

The first edition, See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Book 1 is See also:

• INTRODUCTORY

I. Praecognita disciplinarum, 4 books, hexilogia, technologia, archelogia, didactica, that is, on intellectual habits and on the classification, origin and study of the arts. II. See also:

• PHILOLOGY

Under paedutica (games) is See also:

• VIDA, MARCO GIROLAMO (c. 1489-1566)

But he did not live to finish it, as he was killed at See also:

• NIGHT

2 vols., 1823 pages, a dictionary of history, biography, geography, genealogies of princely families, chronology, mythology and philology. At the end is Nomenclator MLEo7'AWTTOS, an index of names of places, people, &c., in many languages, care-fully collected, and explained in Latin, filling fro pages; with an index of subjects not forming See also:

• SEPARATE

It is written in a very dry and scholastic style, and seldom names authorities. The great dictionary of French, begun by the French See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

The fourth edition, Rotterdam, 1720, fol. 4 vols., was much enlarged from his See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

2 vols., 891 pages, 136 articles. It had occupied his leisure moments for See also:

• FORTY

The first six volumes have each an index of from 28 to 48 pages (in all 224 pages) of subjects, whether forming articles or incidental. The articles in each are numbered, and amount to 30,269 in the six volumes, which complete the See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

In mathematics and anatomy he professes to be very full, but says that the catalogues and places of the stars are very imperfect, as See also:

• FLAMSTEED, JOHN (1646-1719)

The mathematical and physical part is considered very able. H'e often mentions his authorities, and gives lists of books on particular subjects, as botany and chronology. His dictionary was long very popular. The fifth edition was published in 1736, fol. 2 vols. A supplement, including no new subjects, appeared in 1744, London, fol., 996 pages, 6 plates. It was intended to rival See also:

• EPHRAIM

It was translated into Hungarian by See also:

• FEJER, GYORGY (1766–1851)

2 vols. The dedication to the king is dated October 15, 1727. Chambers endeavoured to connect the scattered articles relating to each subject by a system of references, and to consider " the several matters, not only in themselves, but relatively, or as they respect each other; both to treat them as so many wholes and as so many parts of some greater whole." Under each article he refers to the subject to which it belongs, and also to its subordinate parts; thus See also:

• COPYHOLD

His work was judiciously, honestly and carefully done, and long maintained its popularity. But it had many defects and omissions, as he was well aware; and at his death, on the 15th of May 1740, he had collected and arranged materials for seven new volumes. John See also:

• LEWIS, HENRY CARVILL
• LEWIS, JOHN FREDERICK (180 1876)
• LEWIS, MATTHEW GREGORY (1775-1818)
• LEWIS, MERIWETHER (1774-1809)
• LEWIS, SIR GEORGE CORNEWALL, BART

At the end he gives an index of articles, classed under loo heads, numbering about 57,000 and filling 8o pages. The heads, with 39 See also:

• CROSS

Nine editors were employed, whom Ludewig compares to the nine See also:

• MUSES, THE (Gr. Mo6o-at, the thinkers)

This work, which is well and carefully compiled, and very trustworthy, is still a most valuable book of reference on many subjects, especially topography, genealogy and biography. - The genealogies and family histories are excellent, and many particulars are given of the lives and works of authors not easily found elsewhere. A work on a new plan was published by See also:

• DENNIS, JOHN (1657—1734)

It is a general encyclopaedia, including geography, but not history or biography. He gives frequent references to his authorities and much curious information. His preliminary discourse (8o pages) contains a history of the several sciences from mathematics to geography. The book was published by subscription, and at the end of the last volume is a Catalogo dei Signori Associati, 252 in number, who took 266 copies. It is also remarkable for the number of its plates, which are engraved on See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

It was to be published by subscription at 135 livres, but for large paper copies 200 livres, the first volume to be delivered in June 1746, and the two last at the end of 1748. The subscription list, which was considerable, closed on the 31st of December 1745. Mills demanded an account, which Lebreton, who had again omitted certain formalities, insultingly refused. Mills brought an See also:

• ACTION

3 vols., 3275 pages and 98 plates, comprising a history of drugs, with chemistry, botany and natural history so far as they relate to medicine, and with an See also:

• HISTORICAL

The work, was to form 8 vols. fol., with at least 60o plates. The first volume was published in July 1751, and delivered to the subscribers in August. The second appeared in January 1752. An arret of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

D'Alembert retired in January 1758, weary of sermons, satires and intolerant and absurd censors. .The See also:

• PARLEMENT (see PARLIAMENT)

See also:

• VOLTAIRE, FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET DE (1694–1778)

This discovery put him into a state of frenzy and despair from rage and grief. His daughter never heard him speak coolly on the subject, and after twenty years it still made him angry. He believed that every one knew as well as he did what was wanting in each article, but in fact the See also:

• MUTILATION (from Lat. mutilus, maimed)

He thus learned to use such complicated See also:

• MACHINES

Articles by Diderot have no See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

Thus marine is said to be more than three-fourths deficient; and in geography errors and omissions abound—even capitals and See also:

• SOVEREIGN

Daubenton, Condamine, Marmontel and other old contributors wrote many articles, and several were taken from foreign editions. A very full and elaborate index of the articles and subjects of the 33 volumes was printed at Amsterdam in 178o, fol. 2 vols. 1852 pages. It was made by Pierre Mouchon, who was born at Geneva on the 30th of July 1735, consecrated minister on the 18th of August 1758, pastor of the French church at Basel 1766, elected a pastor in Geneva on the 6th of March 1788, See also:

• PRINCIPAL

When three volumes were printed the whole was seized in 1770 by the government at the complaint of the clergy, and was lodged in the Bastille. The plan of a second French edition was laid aside then, to be revived twenty years later in a very different form. Foreign editions of the Encyclopedie are numerous, and it is difficult to enumerate them correctly. One, with notes by Ottavio See also:

• DIODATI, GIOVANNI (1576-1649)

8vo of text and 3 vols. 4to of plates (1782). These four editions have the supplement incorporated. Fortune See also:

• BARTHELEMY
• BARTHELEMY, ANATOLE
• BARTHELEMY, AUGUSTE MARSEILLE (1796–1867)
• BARTHELEMY, FRANCOIS, MARQUIS DE (1747 or 1750-1830)
• BARTHELEMY, JEAN JACQUES (1716–1795)

Voltaire wrote 8 vols. 8vo of a kind of fragmentary supplement, Questionssur l'Encyclopedie, frequently printed, and usually included in editions of his works, together with his contributions to the Encyclopedie and his Dictionnaire philosophique. Several special dictionaries have been formed from the Encyclopedie, as the Dictionnaire portatif des arts et metiers (Paris, 1766), 8vo, 2 vols. about 1300 pages, by Philippe Macquer, See also:

• BROTHER

It was compiled, as the title-page says, on a new plan. The different sciences and arts were " digested into distinct treatises or systems," of which there are 45 with cross headings, that is, titles printed across the page, and about 30 other articles more than three pages long. The longest are " Anatomy," 166 pages, and Surgery," 238 pages. " The various technical terms, &c., are explained as they occur in the order of the alphabet." " Instead of dismembering the sciences, by attempting to treat them intelligibly under a multitude of technical terms, they have digested the principles of every science in the form of systems or distinct treatises, and explained the terms as they occur in the order of the alphabet, with references to the sciences to which they belong." This plan, as the compilers say, differs from that of all the previous dictionaries of arts and sciences. Its merit and novelty consist in the See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

181, on the 18th of September 1784, forming to vols. 4to, dated 1778 to 1783, and containing 8595 pages and 34o plates. The pagination is continuous, ending with page 9200, but 295 pages are inserted in various places, and page 7099 is followed by 8000. The number and length of the articles were much increased, 72 have cross headings, and more than 150 others may be classed as long articles. At the end is an appendix (" See also:

• ABATEMENT (derived through the French abattre, from the Late Latin battere, to beat)

James See also:

• TYTLER, WILLIAM (1711-1792)

Professor Robison was induced by Gleig to become a contributor. He first revised the article " Optics," and then wrote a series of articles on natural philosophy, which attracted great attention and were long highly esteemed by scientific men. The sub-editors were James See also:

• WALKER, FRANCIS AMASA (1840-1897)
• WALKER, FREDERICK (184o--1875)
• WALKER, GEORGE (c. 1618-169o)
• WALKER, HENRY OLIVER (1843— )
• WALKER, HORATIO (1858– )
• WALKER, JOHN (1732—1807)
• WALKER, OBADIAH (1616-1699)
• WALKER, ROBERT (d. c. 1658)
• WALKER, ROBERT JAMES (1801-1869)
• WALKER, SEARS COOK (1805—1853)
• WALKER, THOMAS (1784—1836)
• WALKER, WILLIAM (1824-1860)

The supplement of the third edition, printed for Thomson Bonar, and edited by Gleig, was published in 18or in 2 vols. 4to, containing 1624 pages and 5o copperplates engraved by D. Lizars. In the dedication to the king, dated Stirling, loth December 1800, Dr Gleig says: " The French Encyclopedie had been accused, and justly accused, of having disseminated far and wide the seeds of anarchy and See also:

• ATHEISM (from Gr. as, privative, and Oebs, God)

Dr Thomas Thomson declined the editorship, and recommended Dr James See also:

• MILLAR, ANDREW (1707-1768)

9o). It was then, perhaps, that Constable gave £loo to Bonar for the copyright of the supplement. The fifth edition was begun immediately after the fourth as a mere reprint. " The management of the edition, or rather mismanagement, went on under the lawyer trustees for several years, and at last the whole property was again brought to the market by public sale. There were about 1800 copies printed of the five first volumes, which formed one See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

The printing was superintended by Bonar, who died on the 26th of July 1814. His trustees were repaid his advances on the work, about £6000, and the copyright was valued at £11,000, of which they received one-third, Constable adding £500, as the book had been so extremely successful. It was published in 20 vols., 16,017 pages, 582 plates, price £36, and dated 1817. Soon after the purchase of the copyright, Constable began to prepare for the publication of a supplement, to be of four or, at the very utmost, five volumes. " The first article arranged for was one on 'Chemistry ' by Sir See also:

• HUMPHRY, OZIAS (1742-1810)

He then wrote out a prospectus and submitted it in print to Stewart, " but the cautious philosopher referred " him to See also:

• PLAY

191, September 1816). The second dissertation, " On the progress of mathematics and physics," was by Playfair, who died 19th July 1819, when he had only finished the period of Newton and See also:

• LEIBNITZ (LEIBNIZ), GOTTFRIED WILHELM

Constable " wished short See also:

• BIOGRAPHICAL

A new edition in 25 vols. was contemplated, not to be announced till a certain time after the supplement was finished; but Constable's house stopped payment on the 19th of January 1826, and his copyrights were sold by See also:

• AUCTION

Among the numerous contributors of See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

W. See also:

• FARRAR, FREDERIC WILLIAM (1831-1903)

See also:

• HADLEY
• HADLEY, ARTHUR TWINING (1856– )
• HADLEY, JAMES (1821–1872)

Each dictionary was to have an introduction and a classified table of the principal articles. History and its minor parts, as See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

Twenty-five printing offices were employed, and in November 1782 the 1st livraison (jurisprudence, vol. i., and half vol. each of arts et metiers and histoire naturelle) was issued. A Spanish prospectus was sent out, and obtained 330 Spanish subscribers, with the inquisitor-general at their See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

Pharmacy (separated from chemistry), minerals, education, ponts et chaussees had been announced but were not published, neither was the Vocabulaire Universel, the key and index to the whole work, so that it is difficult to carry out any See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

Vols. i.-iv. (A to R) appeared 1796 to 1800, vol. v. in 18o6. See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

See also:

• HASSE, JOHANN ADOLPH (1699-1783)

The supplement, 2 vols, 1764 pages, was begun in February 1871, and finished in April 1873. The 12th edition, begun in 1875, was completed in 1879 in 15 vols., the 13thedition (1882–1887), in 16 vols., and the 14th (1901–1903) in 16 vols. with a supplementary volume in 1904. The Conversations Lexicon is intended, not for scientific use, but to promote general mental improvement by giving the results of research and discovery in a simple and popular form without extended details. The articles, often too brief, are very excellent and trustworthy, especially on German subjects, give references to the best books, and include biographies of living men. One of the best German encyclopaedias is that of See also:

• MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (18or-1869)
• MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800-1873)
• MEYER, JULIUS LOTHAR (183o-1895)
• MEYER, KONRAD FERDINAND (1825-1898)
• MEYER, VICTOR (1848-1897)
• MEYER, [MARIE] PAUL HYACINTHE (184o- )

Gruber, M. H. E. Meier, See also:

• HERMANN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED JAKOB (1772–1848)
• HERMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1804–1855)

73 (Gotze to Gondouin), and hence does not come in its proper place, which is in vol. 91. Gross Britannien contains 700 pages, and Indien by See also:

• BENFEY, THEODOR (1809-1881)

3), and interspersed with (210) chapters on history (to 1815), as the most philosophical, interesting and natural form (but modern lives were so many that the plan See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

A revised edition appeared in 1874, 8320 pages. In the list of 126 contributors were J.H. Burton, See also:

• EMMANUEL, or IMMANUEL

A supplementary work, the American See also:

• ANNUAL

Of Scandinavian encyclopaedias there have been re-issues of the Nordesk Conversations-Lexicon, first published in 1858-1863, and of the Svenskt Conversations-Lexicon, first published in 1845-1851.