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SPORTS .--L'Aerophile (1893) ; L'Aeronautique (1902) ; L'Aerostation (1904) ; La See also:Vie au See also:grand See also:air (1898) ; La Vie automobile (1901) ; Revue de l'aeronautique (,888).
See also:GERMANY
The earliest trace of the See also:literary See also:journal in Germany is to be found in the Erbauliche Monatsunterredungen (1663) of the poet Johann See also:Rist and in the Miscellanea curiosa medico-physica (167o–1704) of the Academia naturae curiosorum Leopoldina-Carolina, the first scientific See also:annual, uniting the features of the Journal See also:des savants and of the Philosophical Transactions. D. G. See also:Morhof, the author of the well-known Polyhistor, conceived the See also:idea of a monthly serial to be devoted to the See also:history of See also:modern books and learning, which came to nothing. While See also:professor of morals at See also:Leipzig, See also:Otto Mencke planned the Acta eruditorum, with a view to make known, by means of analyses, extracts and reviews, the new See also:works produced throughout See also:Europe. In 1680 he travelled in See also:England and See also: The Acta soon had imitators. The Ephemerides litterariae (1686) came out at See also:Hamburg in Latin and See also:French. The Nova litteraria maxis Balthici et Septen/rionis (1698–1708) was more especially devoted to See also:north Germany and the See also:universities of See also:Kiel, See also:Rostock and Dorpat. Supplementary to the preceding was the Nova litteraria Germaniae collecta Hamburgi (1703–1709), which from 1707 widened its See also: E. Tenzel also published Monatliche Unterredungen (1689–1698), continued from 1704 as Curieuse Bibliothek, and treating various subjects in dialogue form. After the See also:death of Tenzel the Bibliothek was carried on under different titles by C. Woltereck, J. G. See also:Krause and others, down to 1721. Of much greater importance than these was the Monatlicher Auszug (1701), supported by J. G. See also:Eccard and Leibnitz. Another periodical on Thomasius's See also:plan was Neue Unterredungen (1702), edited by N. H. Gundling. The Gundlingiana of the latter See also:person, published at See also:Halle (1715–1732), and written partly in Latin and partly in See also:German by the editor, contained a See also:miscellaneous collection of juridical, See also:historical and theological observations and dissertations. Nearly all departments of learning possessed their several See also:special periodical See also:organs about the See also:close of the 17th or the beginning of the 18th See also:century. The Anni franciscanorum (1680) was edited by the Jesuit Stiller; and J. S. Adami published, between 1690 and 1713, certain theological repertories under the name of Deliciae. Historical journalism was first represented by Electa See also:juris publici (1709), See also:philology by Neue See also:acerra philologica (1715–1723), See also:philosophy by the Acta philosophorum (1715–1727), See also:medicine by Der patriolische Medikus (1725), See also:music by Der musikalische Patriot (1725), and See also:education by See also:Die Matrone (1728). Reference has already been made to the Miscellanea curiosa medico-physica (1670–1704); the Monatliche Erzahlungen (1689) was also devoted to natural See also:science. Down to the See also:early See also:part of the 18th century Halle and Leipzig were the headquarters of literary journalism in Germany. Other centres began to feel the-need of similar organs of See also:opinion. Hamburg had its Niedersachsische neue Zeitungen, styled from 1731 Niedersachsische Nachrichten, which came to an end in 1736, and See also:Mecklenburg owned in 1710 its Neuer Vorrath, besides others brought out at Rostock. See also:Prussia owes the See also:foundation of its literary See also:periodicals to G. P. Schulze and M. Lilienthal, the former of whom began with Gelehrtes Preussen (1722), continued under different titles down to 1729; the latter helped with the Erlautertes Preussen (1724), and was the See also:sole editor of the Acta borussica (1730–1732). See also:Pomerania and See also:Silesia also had their special periodicals in the first See also:quarter of the 18th century. See also:Franconia commenced tvith Nova litteraria, and See also:Hesse with the Kurze Historie, both in 1725. In See also:south Germany appeared the Wurttembergische Nebenstunden (17,8), and the See also:Parnassus boicus, first published at See also:Munich in 1722. The Frankfurter gelehrte Zeitungen was founded in 1736 by S. T. Hocker, and existed down to 1790. 'See also:Austria owned Das merkwiirdige Wien. In 1715 the Neue Zeitungen von gelehrten Sachen was founded by J. G. Krause at Leipzig and carried on by various editors down to 1797. It was the first See also:attempt to apply the form of the weekly See also:political journal to learned subjects, and was imitated in the Vermischte Bibliothek (1718–1720) and the Bibliotheca novissima (1718–1721), both founded by J. G. See also:Francke in Halle. Shortly after the foundation of the university of See also:Gottingen appeared Zeitungen von gelehrten Sachsen (1739), still famous as the Gottingische gelehrte Anzeigen, which during its See also:long and influential career has been conducted by professors of that university, and among others by See also:Haller, See also:Heyne and See also:Eichhorn. Influenced by a close study of See also:English writers, the two Swiss, See also:Bodmer and Breitinger, established Die Discurse der Maler (1721), and by paying more See also:attention to the See also:matter of works reviewed than to their manner, commenced a See also:critical method new to Germany. The See also:system was attacked by See also:Gottsched, who, educated in the French school, erred in the opposite direction. The struggle between the two parties gave fresh See also:life to the literature of the See also:country but German See also:criticism of the higher sort can only be said really to begin with See also:Lessing. The See also:Berlin publisher See also:Nicolai founded the Bibliothek der schonen Wissenschaften, and afterwards handed it over to O. F. See also:Weisse in order to give his whole See also:energy to the Briefe, die neueste Literatur betreffend (1759-1765), carried on by the help of Lessing, Mendelssohn and Abbt. To Nicolai is also due the Allgemeine deutsche Bibliothek (1765–1806), which embraced a much wider field and soon became extremely influential. See also:Herder founded the Kritische Walder in 1766. Der deutsche Merkur (1773–1789, revived 1790–1810) of See also:Wieland was the solitary representative of the French school of criticism. A new era in German periodical literature began when Bertuch brought out at See also:Jena in 1785 the Allgemeine Literaturzeitung, to which the leading writers of the country were contributors. On being transferred to Halle in 1804 it was replaced by the Jenaische allgemeine Literaturzeitung, founded by Eichstadt. Both reviews enjoyed a prosperous career down to the year 1848. At the beginning of the 19th century we find the Erlanger Literatur-'eitung (1799–1810), which had replaced a Gelehrte Zeitung (1746); the Leipziger Literaturzeitung (1800–1834); the Heidelbergische Jahrbucher der Literatur (1808–1872); and the Wiener Literaturzeitung (1813–1816), followed by the Wiener Jahrbucher der Literatur (1818–1848), both of which received See also:government support and resembled the English Quarterly See also:Review in their conservative politics and high literary See also:tone. See also:Hermes, founded at Leipzig in 1819 by W. T. See also:Krug, was distinguished for its erudition, and came out down to 1831. One of the most remarkable periodicals of this class was the Jahrbucher See also:fur wissenschaftliche Kritik (1827–1846), first published by See also:Cotta. The Hallische Jahrbiicher (1838–1842) was founded by See also:Ruge and Echtermeyer, and supported by the government. The Repertorium der gesammten deutschen Literatur, established by Gersdorf in 1834, and known after 1843 as the Leipziger Repertorium der deutschen and ausldndischen Literatur, existed to 186o. See also:Buchner founded the Literarische Zeitung at Berlin in 1834. It was continued by See also:Brandes down to 1849. The political troubles of 1848 and 1849 were most disastrous to the welfare of the literary and miscellaneous periodicals. Gersdorf's Repertorium, the Gelehrte Anzeigen of Gottingen and of Munich,•and the Heidelbergische Jahrbucher were the sole survivors. The Allgemeine Monatschrift See also:fir Literatur (185o), conducted after 1851 by See also:Droysen, NitzF.ch and others, continued only down to 1854; the Literarisches Cent,alblatt (185o) is still published. The Blotter fur literarische Unterhaltung sprang out of the Literarisches Wochenblatt (1818), founded by See also:Kotzebue; after 1865 it was edited by R. See also:Gottschall with considerable success. Many of the literary See also:journals did not disdain to occupy themselves with the fashions, but the first periodical of any merit specially devoted to the subject was the Bazar (1855). The first to popularize science was Natur (1852). The Hausbldtter (1855), a bi-monthly See also:magazine, was extremely successful. The See also:Salon (1868) followed more closely the type of the English magazine. About this period arose a See also:great number of weekly serials for popular See also:reading, known as " Sonntagsblatter," of which the Gartenlaube (1858) and Daheim (1864) are surviving examples. In course of See also:time a large number of similar publications were issued, some illustrated, for instance: Illustrierte Zeitung (Leipzig, 1843), Berliner Illustrierte Zeitung (1892), Die Woche (1899) the last the most widely circulated of the See also:kind, 500,000 being printed. At a somewhat earlier date commenced a long See also:series of weekly and monthly periodicals of a more solid See also:character, of which the following See also:list indicates the more important in See also:chronological order: Die Grenzboten (1862), weekly; the Deutsches Museum (1851–1857), of See also:Prutz and Frenzel; Berliner Revue (1855-1873); Westermanns Monatshefte (1856), monthly; Unsere Zeit 1857–1891), beginning as a kind of supplement to See also:Brockhaus's Conversationslexikon; Preussische Jahrbucher (1858), monthly; Deutsches Magazin (186'–1863); Die Gegenwart (1873), weekly; Konservative Monatsschrift (1873), preceded by the Volksblatt fur Stadt and See also:Land (1843); Deutsche Rundschau (1874), fortnightly, conducted upon the method of the Revue des deux mondes; Deutsche Revue (1876), monthly; See also:Nord and Slid (1877), monthly; Das See also:Echo (1882), weekly; Die Zukunft (1882), weekly; Die neue Zeit (1883), weekly; Reclams Universum (1884), weekly; Velhagen and Klasings Monatshefte (1889), monthly; Die deutsche Rundschau (189o), monthly; Die Wahrheit (1893–1897) ; Kritik (1894–1902) ; Die Umschau (1897), weekly; Das literarische Echo (1898), fortnightly; Kynast (1898–1899), known later as Deutsche Zeitschrift (1899–1903) and Iduna (1903–1906) ; Der Termer (1898), monthly; Die Warte(1900),weekly; Deutschland (1902–1907); Deutsche Monatsschrift (1902–1907); Hochland (1903), monthly; See also:Charon (1904), monthly; Siiddeutsche Monatshefte (1904) ; Der Deutsche (1905–1908) ; Deutsche Kultur (19o5--19o8) ; See also:Arena (1906) , monthly; Das Blaubuch (1906), weekly; Eckart (1906), monthly; Die Standarte (1906), weekly; Marz (1907), fortnightly; See also:Morgen (1907), weekly; Neue Revue (1907), weekly; Internationale Wochenschrift fur Wissenschaft, Kunst, and Technik (1907), weekly supplement to the Miinchener allgemeine Zeitung; Wissen (190. weekly; Unsere Zeit (1907), monthly; See also:Hyperion (1908), bi-monthly; Xenien (1908), monthly; Das neue Jahrhundert (1909), monthly; Die Tat (1909), monthly. Periodicals have been specialized in Germany to an extent perhaps unequalled in any other country. No subject of human See also:interest is now without one or indeed several organs. Full details of these serials are supplied by a special class of periodical with which every See also:department of science, See also:art and literature in German- AUSTRIA The most notable periodicals of a See also:general character have been the Wiener Jahrbucher der Literatur (1818–1848) and the Oesterreichische Revue (1863–1867). Among current examples the following may be mentioned: Heimgarten (1877), monthly; Oesterreichisch-Ungarische Revue (1886), monthly; Allgemeines Literaturblatt (1892), fortnightly; Die Kultur (1899), quarterly; Deutsche Arbeit (1900), monthly; Oesterreichische Rundschau (1904), fortnightly; Die Karpathen (1907); fortnightly. There were in Austria 22 literary and 41 special periodicals in 1848, and 1to literary and 413 special periodicals in 1873 (see the statistical inquiry of Dr Johann Winckler, Die period. Presse Oesterreichs, 1875). In 1905 the See also:total number had increased to 806, of which 564 were published in See also:Vienna. According to the Deutscher Zeitschriften-Katalog (1874), 2219 periodicals were published in Austria, Germany and See also:Switzerland in 1874 in the German See also:language. In 1905 the number of periodicals in German-speaking countries was 5066, of which 4019 appeared in Germany (in Berlin alone 1107) 8o6 in Austria and 218 in Switzer-land (Borsenblatt fur den deutschen Buchhandel, 1909, No. 124). SWITZERLAND The Nova litteraria helvetica (1703–1715) of See also:Zurich is the earliest literary periodical which Switzerland can show. From 1728 to 1734 a Bibliothi que italique, and towards the end of the century the Bibliotheque britannique (1796–1815), dealing with See also:agriculture, literature, and science, in three See also:separate series, were published at See also:Geneva. The latter was followed by the leading periodical speaking countries is equipped, the Jahresberichte and Bibliographien, which give each year a full See also:account of the literature of the subject with which they are concerned. The See also:chief of these are: Bibliography and Librarianship: Bibliographie des See also:Buch- and Bibliothekswesens (1905); See also:Chemistry: Jahresbericht fiber die Fortschritte der Chemie (1847); Classical See also:Archaeology and Philology: Jahresbericht fiber die Fortschritte der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft (1873); Education: Jahrbuch der padagogischen Literatur (1901) ; See also:Geography : Geographisches Jahrbuch (1874); Bibliotheca geographica (1891) ; History: Jahresberichte der Geschichtswissenschaft (1878); See also:Fine Arts: Internationale Bibliographie der Kunstwissenschaft (1902); See also:Law and Political See also:Economy: Uebersicht der gesamten staats- and reclztswissenschaftlichen Literatur (1868); Jurisprudentia Germaniae (1905) ; Bibliographie des burgerlichen Rechts (1888) ; Bibliographie der Sozialwissenschaften (1905); Bibliographie fur Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte (1903) ; Bibliographie fur Volkswirtschaftslehre and Rechtswissenschaft (1906); Literature and See also:Languages: Bibliographie der vergleichenden Literaturgeschichte (1903); Jahresberichte fur neuere deutsche Literaturgeschichte (1890);' Jahresbericht fiber die Erscheinungen auf dem Gebiete der germanischen Philologie (1879) ; Uebersicht fiber die auf dem Gebiete der englischen Philologie erschienenen See also:Bucher, Schriften, and Aufsatze (1878); Kritischer Jahresbericht fiber die Fortschritte der romanischen Philologie (1875) ; Bibliographie fur romanische Philologie—Supt. zur Zeitschr. f. See also:roman. Philologie (1875); Orientalische Bibliographie (1888) ; See also:Mathematics: Jahrbuch fiber die Fortschritte der Mathematik (1869) ; Medicine and See also:Surgery: Jahresbericht fiber die Leistungen and Fortschritte der gesamten Medizin (1866); Jahresbericht fiber die Leistungen auf dem Gebiete der Veterinarmedizin ^ (1881) ; Military: Jahresbericht fiber Veranderungen and Fortschritte See also:im Militarwesen (1874) ; Jahresbericht fiber die Leistungen and Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete des Militarsanitatswesens (1873); Natural Science: Naturae novitates (1879), fortnightly; Bibliographie der deutschen naturwissenschaftlichen Literatur (1901); Bibliographia zoologica (1896); Zoologischer Jahresbericht (1879); Jests botanischer Jahresbericht (1873) ; Die Fortschritte der Physik (1847) ; Technicology : Repertorium der technischen Journalliteratur (1874); See also:Theology: Theologischer Jahresbericht (1881) ; Bibliographie der Kirchengeschichtlichen Literatur (1877). of French-speaking Switzerland, the Bibliothique universelle (1816), which has also had a scientific and a literary series. The Revue suisse (1838) was produced at See also:Neuchatel. These two have been amalgamated and appear as the Bibliotheque universe/le et revue suisse. La Suisse romande (1885) only lasted twelve months. Theologie et philosophie (1868–1872), an account of See also:foreign literature on those subjects, was continued as Revue de theologie et de philosophie (1873) at See also:Lausanne. Among current serials may be mentioned Archives de psychologie de la Suisse romande (1901) edited by Flournoy and See also:Claparede; Jahresverzeichnis der schweizerischen Universit¢tsschriften (1897–1898); Untersuchungen zur neueren Sprach- and Literaturgeschichte (1903); Zwingliana: Mitteilungen zur Geschichte See also:Zwingli and der See also:Reformation (1897). See also:ITALY Prompted by M. A. See also:Ricci, See also:Francesco Nazzari, the future See also:cardinal, established in 1668 the Giornale de' letterati upon the plan of the French Journal des savants. His collaborateurs each agreed to undertake the criticism of a separate literature while Nazzari retained the general editorship and the See also:analysis of the French books. The journal was continued to 1675, and another series was carried on to 1769. Bacchini brought out at See also:Parma (1688–169o) and at See also:Modena (1692–1697) a periodical with a similar title. A much better known Giornale was that of Apostolo See also:Zeno, founded with the help of See also:Maffei and See also:Muratori (1710), continued after 1718 by Pietro Zeno, and after 1728 by Mastraca and Paitoni. Another Giornale, to which Fabroni contributed, was published at See also:Pisa from 1771 onwards. The Galleria di See also:Minerva was first published at Venice in 1696. One of the many merits of the See also:antiquary Lami was his connexion with the Novelle letterarie (1740-1770), founded by him, and after the first two years almost entirely written by him. Its learning and impartiality gave it much authority. The Frusta letteraria 0763–1765) was brought out at Venice by Giuseppe See also:Baretti under the See also:pseudonym of Aristarco Scannabue. The next that deserve mention are the Giornale enciclopedico (1806) of See also:Naples, followed by the Progresso delle scienze (1833–1848) and the Museo di scienze e letteratura of the same See also:city, and the Giornale arcadico (1819) of See also:Rome. Among the contributors to the Poligrafo (1811) of See also:Milan were Monti, Perticari, and some of the first names in See also:Italian literature. The Biblioteca italiana (1816–184o) was founded at Milan by the favour of the See also:Austrian government, and the editorship was offered to and declined by Ugo See also:Foscolo. It rendered service to Italian literature by its opposition to the Della-Cruscan tyranny. Another Milanese serial was the Conciliatore (1818–1820), which although it only lived two years, will be remembered for the endeavours made by Silvio See also:Pellico, Camillo Ugoni and its other contributors to introduce a more dignified and courageous method of criticism. After its suppression and the falling off in interest of the Biblioteca italiana the next of any merit to appear was the Antologia, a monthly periodical brought out at See also:Florence in 182o by Gino See also:Capponi and Giampetro Vieusseux, but suppressed in 1833 on account of an See also:epigram of Tommaseo, a See also:principal writer. Some striking papers were contributed by Giuseppe Mazzini. Naples had in 1832 Ii Progresso of Carlo Troya, helped by Tommaseo and Centofanti, and See also:Palermo owned the Giornale di statistica (1834), suppressed eight years later. The Archivio storico, consisting of reprints of documents with historical dissertations, See also:dates from 1842, and was founded by Vieusseux and Gino Capponi. The Civill¢ catlolica (1850), fortnightly, is still the See also:organ of the See also:Jesuits. The Rivista contemporanea (1852) was founded at See also:Turin in emulation of the French Revue des deux mondes, which has been the type followed by so many See also:continental periodicals. The Politecnico (1839) of Milan was suppressed in 1844 and revived in 1859. The Nuova antologia (1866) soon acquired a well-deserved reputation as a high-class review and magazine; its See also:rival, the Rivista europea, being the special organ of the Florentine men of letters. The Rassegna settimanale was a weekly political and literary review, which after eight years of existence gave See also:place to a daily newspaper, the Rassegna. The Archivio Irentino (1882) was the organ of " Italia Irredenta." The Rassegna nazionale, conducted by the marchese Manfredo di Passano, a chief of the moderate clerical party, the Nuova rivista of Turin, the Fanfulla della Domenica, and the Gazzetta letteraria may also be mentioned.
Some of the following are still published: Annali di matematica (1867); Annuario di giurisprudenza (1883); Archivio di statistica (1876); Archivio storico See also:lombardo (1874); Archivio veneto (1871); Archivio per lo studio delle tradizioni popolari; Archivio per la zoologia; Il Bibliofilo; Il See also:Filangieri (1876); La Natura (1884); Nuovo giornale botanico (1869) ; Giornale degli eruditi (1883) ; Giornale di filologia romanza; Nuova rivista Internazionale (1879) ; La Rassegna italiana (1881); Revue internationale (1883). In more See also:recent years a great expansion has been witnessed. See also:Local reviews have largely increased, as well as those devoted to history, science and university undertakings. Among representative serials are the following—Archaeology: Museo italiano di antichita classica (1885) with See also:atlas in See also:folio; Oriens christianus (1901); Nuovo bollettino di archeologia cristiana, quarterly at Rome (1895). Bibliography: Rivista delle biblioteche e degli archivi (1888), published monthly at Rome and Florence, the See also:official organ of librarians and archivists; Giornaledella libreria della tipografia (1888), supplement to the Bibliografia italiana; Bollettino di bibliografia e See also:scoria delle scienze matematiche (1898); La Bibliofzlia (1899), Florence, monthly; Raccolta Vinciana (1904). Philology: Bollettino di filologia classica (1894); Giornale italiano di filologia e linguistica classica (1886); Studi di filologia romanza (1885) ; Studi italiani di filologia classica (1893) ; Bessarione, bi-monthly. No class has See also:developed more usefully than the historical, among them being: Bollettino dell' instituto storico italiano (1886); Nuovo archivio veneto (189o) ; Rivista di storia antica e scienze affini (1895); Rivista storica italiana (1884). New literary and scientific reviews are: L'Alighieri, rivista di See also:case dantesche (1889); Giornale dantesco (1894); Giornale storico See also:delta letteratura italiana (1883); Studi di letteratura italiana (1899); Studi medievali (1904); L'See also:Arcadia, periodico mensile di scienze, lettere, ed arti (1889); Periodico di matematica per l'insegnamento secondario (1885) ; Rivista di matematica (1891); Rivista philosofica (1899); Rivista d'Italia, monthly at Rome. Fine Arts: L'Arte, monthly; Arte italiana, monthly; Rassegna d'arte, monthly.
See also:BELGIUM
The Journal encyclopedique (1756–1793) founded by P. See also: In the same city was also first established L'Esprit des journaux (1772–1818), styled by Sainte-Beuve " See also:cette considerable et excellente collection," but " journal voleur et cotnpilateur." The Journal historique et litteraire (1788–1790) was founded at See also:Luxemburg by the Jesuit De See also:Feller; having been suppressed there, it was transferred to Liege, and subsequently to Maestricht. It is one of the most curious of the Belgian periodicals of the 18th century, and contains most See also:precious materials for the See also:national history. A See also:complete set is very rare and much sought after. The Revue belge (1835–1843), in spite of the support of the best writers of the See also:kingdom, as well as its successor the Revue de Liege (1844–1847), the Tresor national (1842–1843), published at See also:Brussels, and the Revue de Belgique (1846–1851) were all See also:short-lived. The Revue de Bruxelles (1837–1848), supported by the See also:nobility and the See also:clergy, had a longer career. The Revue nationale was the champicn of Liberalism, and came to an end in 1847. The See also:Messager des sciences historiques (1833), at See also:Ghent, was in repute on account of its historical and antiquarian character. The Revue catholique, the organ of the professors of the university of See also:Louvain, began in 1846 a controversy with the Journal historique et litteraire, of Kersten (1834) upon the origin of human knowledge, which lasted for many years and excited great attention. The Annales des travaux publics (1843), the Bulletin de l'industrie (1842), the Journal des See also:beaux-arts (1858), and the See also:Catholic Precis historiques (1852), the See also:Protestant Chretien beige (1850), are other examples. The Revue trimestrielle was founded at Brussels by See also:Van Bemmel in 1854. The See also:Athenaeum beige (1868) did not last long. Among current periodicals in French are the following—Biblioraphy: Bulletin bibliographique et pedagogique du musee belge (81897) ; La Revue des bibliotheques et archives de Belgique (1903) ; Le Glaneur litteraire, musical et bibliographie (1901); Archives des arts et de la bibliographie de Belgique (Tables 1833–1853 and 1875–1894). Philosophy and ecclesiastical history: Revue neo-scholastique publiee See also:par la societe philosophique de Louvain (1894); Revue d'histoire ecclesiastique (1900), the organ of the Catholic university of Louvain; Revue See also:benedictine (1884); Analectes pour servir a l'histoire ecclesiastique de la Belgique, 2e serie (1881–1904) and 3e serie 1905); with an Annexe for Cartularies. Science: Archives internationales de physiologie (1902), published by See also:Leon Fredericq; La Cellule, recueil de cytologie et d'histologie generale (1884); Le Museon (1882); Le Mouvement geographique (1884); Le Musee beige (1897); Revue chirurgicale beige et du nord de la See also:France (1901). Annales des mines belgiques appears quarterly, and L'Art modern weekly at Brussels. Among Flemish serials may be mentioned the Nederduitsche Letteroefeningen (1834); the Belgisch Museum (1836–1846), edited by See also:Willems; the Broederhand, which did not appear after 1846; the Taalverbund of See also:Antwerp; the Kunst- en Letterblad (1840—1843); and the Vlaemsche Rederyker (1844). Current Flemish periodicals include: Onze kunst geillustreed maandschrift voor beeldende kunst (1900); Averbode's weekblad Godsdienst huisgezin moedertaal (1907); De Raadselbode talk van den vlamschen raadselliefhebber (1901); Rechtskundig tijdschrift voor vlamsch Belgie (1901). It has been calculated that in 1860 there were 51 periodicals published in Belgium. In 1884 the number had increased to 412, and in 1908 to 1701. See U. Capitaine, Recherches sur See also:les journaux et les &nits periodiques liegeois (185o); Releve de taus les ecrits periodiques qui se publient clans le royaume de Belgique (1875); See also:Catalogue des journaux, revues, et publications periodiques de la Belgique (1910) ; Revue bibliographique beige. HOLLAND The first serial written in Dutch was the Boekzaal van See also:Europa (1692–1708, and 1715–1748), which had several changes of name during its long life. The next of any See also:note was the Republijk der Geleerden (1710-1748). The English Spectator was imitated by J. van Effen in his Misanthrope (1711—1712), written in French, and in the Hollandsche Spectator (1731—1735), in Dutch. An important serial was the long-lived Vaderlandsche Letteroefeningen (1761). The Algemeene Kunst en Letterbode (1788) was long the leading review of Holland; in 186o it was joined to the Nederlandsch Spectator (1855). Of those founded in the 19th century may be mentioned the Recensent (1803), and Nieuwe Recensent; the Nederlandsch Museum (1835); the Tijdstroom (1857); the Tijdspiegel, a literary journal of Protestant tendency; the Theologisch Tijdschrift (1867), the organ of the See also:Leiden school of theology; and the Dietsche Warande, a Roman Catholic review devoted to the national antiquities. Colonial interests have been cared for by the Tijdschrift voor nederlandsch Indie (1848). Current periodicals are Hollandsche revue, monthly; De Gids (1837), monthly; De nieuwe Gids (1886), monthly; De Architect, bi-monthly; See also:Caecilia (for music); Tijdschrift voor Strafrecht; Museum, for philology (1893), monthly; Tijdschrift voor nederlandsche See also:taal en letterkunde; Nederlandsch Archievenblad; De Paleograaf; Elseviers geillustreerd Maandschrift, monthly; See also:Groot Nederland, monthly. See also:DENMARK Early in the 18th century Denmark had the See also:Nye Tidender (1720), continued down to 1836 under the name of Danskliteraturtidende. The Minerva (1785) of Rahbek was carried on to 1819, and the Skandinavisk Museum (1798—1803) was revived by the Litteratur-Selskabs Skrifter (1805). These were followed by the Laerde Efterretninger (1799—1810), afterwards styled Litteratur-Tidende (1811—1836), the Athene (1813—1817), and Historisk Tidsskrift (1840). In more modern times appeared Tidsskrift for Litteratur og Kritik (1832—1842, 1843) ; Maanedsskrift for Litteratur (1829—1838) ; Nord og Syd (1848—1849) of See also:Goldschmidt, succeeded by Ude og Hjemme, and the Dansk Maanedsskrift (1858) of Steenstrup, with signed historical and literary articles. One of the most noteworthy Scandinavian periodicals has been the Nordisk Universitets Tidsskrift (1854—1864), a See also:bond of See also:union between the universities of See also:Christiania, See also:Upsala, See also:Lund and See also:Copenhagen. Current periodicals are: Studier fra Sprog- og Oldtidsforskning (1891), quarterly; Danske Magazin, yearly; Nyt Tidsskrift for Mathematik, monthly; Theologisk Tidsskrift, monthly; Nationalokonomisk Tidsskrift, bi-monthly; Dansk See also:bog fortegnelse, bi-monthly for bibliography; Athenaeum finsk; Tilskueren, monthly; Aarboger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed (archaeology) quarterly. See also:Iceland has had the Islenzk Sagnablod (1817—1826), Ny Fjelagsrit (1841—1873), and Gefn (1870—1873). Skirnir (1831), which absorbed in 1905 Timarit hins islenska Bokmentafelags (1880-1904), is still published.
See also:SWEDEN
The Swenska See also:Argus (1733—1734) of Olof Dalin is the first contribution of Sweden to periodical literature. The next were the Tidningar om den Lardas Arbeten (1742) and the Ldrda Tidningar. The patriotic journalist C. C. Gjorweli established about twenty literary periodicals of which the most important was the Swenska Mercurius (1755—1789). See also:Atterbom and some See also:fellow-students founded about 1810 a society for the deliverance of the country from French pedantry, which with this end carried on a periodical entitled Phosphoros (ISIO-1813), to propagate the opinions of See also:Schlegel and See also:Schelling. The Svensk Literatur-Tidning (1813—1825) of Palmblad and the Polyfem (1810-1812) had the same See also:objects. Among later periodicals we, may mention Skandia (1833—1837); Literaturbladet (1838—184o); Stallningar och Forhallanden (1838) of See also:Crusenstolpe, a monthly review of Scandinavian history; Tidskrift for Litteratur (185o) ; Norsk Tidsskrift (1852), weekly, FOrr och Nu; and the Revue suedoise (1858) of Kramer, written in French. Among the monthlies which now appear are the following: Social Tidskrift, Nordisk Tidskrijt and Ord och Bild
xxI. 6SPAIN
See also:Spain owes her intellectual emancipation to the See also: The earliest critical serial, the Diario de los literatos (1737—1742), kept up at the expense of See also: See also:Hartzenbusch, Periddicos de Madrid (1876); Lapeyre, Catalogo-See also:tarifa de los periodicos, revistas, y ilustraciones en Espana (1882) ; Georges le Gentil, Les Revues litteraires de l'Espagne See also:pendant in premiere moitie du XIX' siecle (Paris, 1909). See also:PORTUGAL Portugal could long boast of only one review, the Jornal endclopedico (1779—1806), which had many interruptions; then came the Jornal de See also:Coimbra (1812—1820) ; the Panorama (1836—1857), founded by Herculano; the Revista universal lisbonense (1841—1853), established by See also:Castilho; the See also:Institute (1853) of Coimbra; the Archivo pittoresco (1857) of See also:Lisbon; and the Jornal do sociedade dos amigos das letteras. In 1868 a review called Vox femenina, and See also:con-ducted by See also:women, was established at Lisbon. Current periodicals include: 0 Archeologo portugues (1895); Jornal de sciencias mathematicas et astronomicas (1877); Revista lusitana, See also:Archive de estudos philologicos e ethnologicos relatives d Portugal (1887); Ta-ssi-Yang-Kuo, Archives e annaes de extreme orients portuguez (1899) ; Portugal See also:artistic°, fortnightly; Revista militer; Arte musical, fortnightly; Bolelim do agricultor, monthly; Archive historico portuguez, monthly. See also:NORWAY The first trace of the serial form of publication to be found in Norway is in the Ugentlige korte Afhandlinger (176o—1761), " Weekly Short See also:Treatises," of See also:Bishop Fr. Nannestad, consisting of moral and theological essays. The Maanedlige Afhandlinger (1762), " Monthly Treatises," was supported by several writers and devoted chiefly to rural economy. These two were followed by Politik og Historie (1807—1810); See also:Saga (1816-182o), a quarterly review edited by J. S. Munch; Den norske Tilskuer (1817—1821), a See also:miscellany brought out at See also:Bergen; Hermoder (1821—1827), a weekly aesthetic journal; Iduna, (1822—1823), of the same kind but of less value; Vidar (1832—1834), a weekly scientific and literary review; Nor (1840-1846), of the same type; Norsk Tidsskrift for Videnskab og Litteratur (1847—1855); Illustreret Nyhedsblad (1851—1866). " Illustrated See also:News "; Norsk Maanedsskrift (1856—186o), " Monthly Review for Norway," devoted to history and philology; and See also:Norden (1866), a literary and scientific review. Popular serials date from the Skilling Magazin (1835), which first introduced See also:wood-See also:engraving. Representative current
periodicals are: Samtiden, monthly; Elektroteknisk tidsskrift; nordisk See also:GREECE
musik-revue, fortnightly; Naturen; Norsk havetidende, monthly;
Urd; Norvegia The periodical literature of modern Greece commences with
1 '0 Abyios 'Epuils, brought out at Vienna in 1811 by Anthimos Gazi and continued to 1821. In See also:Aegina the Aiywaia appeared in 1831, edited by Mustoxidis; and at See also:Corfu, in See also:Greek, Italian and English, the 'Aveo\oyla (1834). After the return of See also: See also:RUSSIA
The historian See also:Gerhard See also:Friedrich See also: Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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