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See also:ROUSSEAU, See also:PIERRE See also:ETIENNE See also:THEODORE (1812–1867); See also:French painter of the See also:Barbizon school, was See also:born in See also:Paris on the 15th of See also:April 1812, of a See also:bourgeois See also:family which included one or two artists. At first he received a business training, but soon displayed aptitu de for See also:painting. Although his See also:father regretted the decision at first, he became reconciled to his son Paving business, and throughout the artist's career (for he survived his son) was a sympathizer with him in all his conflicts with the See also:Salon authorities. Theodore Rousseau shared the difficulties of the romantic painters of 183o in securing for their pictures a See also:place in the See also:annual Paris See also:exhibition. The whole See also:influence of the classically trained artists was against them, and not until 1848 was Rousseau adequately presented to the public. He had exhibited one or two unimportant See also:works in the Salon of 1831 and 1834, but in 1836 his See also:great See also:work " La Descente See also:des vaches " was rejected by the See also:vote of the classic painters; and from then until after the revolution of 1848 he was persistently refused. He was not without champions in the See also:press, and under the See also:title of " le See also:grand refuse " he became known through the writings of Thore, the critic who afterwards resided in See also:England and wrote under the name of See also:Burger. During these years of See also:artistic See also:- EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)
exile Rousseau produced some of his finest pictures: " The See also:Chestnut See also:Avenue," " The See also:Marsh in the See also:Landes " (now in the Louvre), " See also:Hoar-See also:- FROST (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch, vorst, Ger. Frost, from the common Teutonic verb meaning " to freeze," Dutch, vriezcn, Ger. frieren; the Indo-European root is seen in Lat. pruina, hoar-frost, cf. prurire, to itch, burn, pruna, burning coal, Sans
- FROST, WILLIAM EDWARD (1810–1877)
Frost " (now in See also:America) ; and in 1851, after the reorganization of the Salon in 1848, he exhibited his masterpiece, " The Edge of the See also:Forest " (also in the Louvre), a picture similar in treatment to, but slightly varied in subject from, the See also:composition called " A Glade in the Forest of See also:Fontainebleau," in the See also:Wallace collection at See also:Hertford See also:House.
Up to this See also:period Rousseau had lived only occasionally at Barbizon, but in 1848 he took up his See also:residence in the forest See also:village, and spent most of his remaining days in the vicinity. He was now at the height of his artistic See also:power, and was able to obtain See also:fair sums for his pictures (but only about one-tenth of their value See also:thirty years after his See also:death), and his circle of admirers increased. He was still ignored by the authorities, for while See also:Diaz was made See also:Chevalier of the See also:Legion of See also:Honour in 1851, Rousseau was See also:left undecorated at this See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, but was nominated shortly afterwards. At the Exposition Universelle of 1855, where all Rousseau's rejected pictures of the previous twenty years were gathered together, his works were acknowledged to See also:form one of the finest of the many splendid See also:groups there exhibited. But during his lifetime Rousseau never really conquered French See also:taste, and after an unsuccessful See also:sale of his works by See also:auction in 1861, he contemplated leaving Paris for See also:Amsterdam or See also:London, or even New See also:York. Misfortune then overtook him: his wife, who had been a source of See also:constant anxiety for years, became almost hopelessly insane; his aged father looked constantly to him for pecuniary assistance; his patrons were few. Moreoever, while he was temporarily absent with his invalid wife, a youth living- in his See also:home (a friend of his family) committed See also:suicide in his Barbizon cottage; when he visited the See also:Alps in 1863, making sketches of Mont See also:Blanc, he See also:fell dangerously See also:ill with inflammation of the lungs; and when he returned to Barbizon he suffered from See also:insomnia and became gradually weakened. He was elected See also:president of the See also:fine See also:art See also:jury for the 1867 Exposition. His disappointment at being passed over in the See also:distribution of the higher awards told seriously on his See also:health, and in See also:August he was seized with See also:paralysis. He slightly recovered, but was again attacked several times during the autumn. Finally, in See also:November, he began to sink, and he died, in the presence of his lifelong friend, J. F. See also:Millet, on the 22nd of See also:December 1867.
Rousseau's other friend and See also:neighbour, Jules See also:Dupre, himself an eminent landscape painter of Barbizon, relates the difficulty Rousseau experienced in knowing when his picture was finished, and how he, Dupre, would sometimes take away from the studio some See also:canvas on which Rousseau was labouring too See also:long. Millet, the See also:peasant painter, for whom Rousseau had the highest regard, was much with him during the last years of his See also:life, and at his death Millet took See also:charge of the insanewife. Rousseau was a See also:good friend to Diaz, teaching him how to paint trees, for up to a certain point in his career Diaz considered he could only paint figures.
Rousseau's pictures are always See also:grave in See also:character, with an See also:air of exquisite See also:melancholy which is powerfully attractive to the See also:lover of landscapes. They are well finished when they profess to be completed pictures, but Rousseau spent so long a time in working up his subjects that his absolutely completed works are comparatively few. He left many canvases with parts of the picture realized in detail and with the See also:remainder somewhat vague; and also a good number of sketches and See also:water-See also:colour drawings. His See also:pen work in monochrome on See also:paper is rare; it is particularly searching in quality. There are a number of fine pictures by him in the Louvre, and the Wallace collection contains one of his most important Barbizon pictures. There is also an example in the Ionides collection at the See also:Victoria and See also:Albert Museum.
(D. C.
End of Article: ROUSSEAU, PIERRE ETIENNE THEODORE (1812–1867); French painter of the Barbizon school, was born in Paris on the 15th of April 1812, of a bourgeois family which included one or two artists. At first he received a business training, but soon displayed aptitu
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