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BERGEN , a See also:city and seaport of See also:Norway, forming a See also:separate See also:county (amt), on the See also:west See also:coast, in See also:lat. 6o° 23' N. (about that of the See also:Shetland Islands). Pop. (1900) 72,179. It lies at the See also:head of the broad Byfjord, and partly on a rocky promontory (Nordnaes) between the See also:fine See also:harbour (Vaagen) and the Puddefjord. Its situation is very beautiful, the moist See also:climate (mean See also:annual rainfall, 74 in.) fostering on the steep surrounding hills a vegetation unusually luxuriant for the See also:latitude. Behind the See also:town See also:lie the greater and lesser Lungegaard Lakes, so that the site is in effect a See also:peninsula. The harbour is crowded with picturesque See also:timber-See also:ships and fishing-smacks, and is bordered by quays. The See also:principal See also:street is Strandgaden, on the Nordnaes, parallel with the harbour, communicating inland with the tore or See also:market-See also:place, which fronts the harbour and contains the See also:fish and See also:fruit market. The portion of the city on the mainland rises in an See also:amphitheatre. The houses, of See also:wood or See also:stucco, are painted in warm reds and yellows, On the See also:banks of the lesser Lungegaard See also:Lake is the small town See also:park, and above the greater lake the pleasant Nygaards park, with an See also:aquarium adjoining. Among the principal buildings are the See also:cathedral (rebuilt in the 16th See also:century), and several other churches, among which the Mariae See also:Kirke with its Romanesque See also:nave is the earliest; a See also:hospital, diocesan See also:college, See also:naval See also:academy, school of See also:design and a See also:theatre. An See also:observatory and biological station are maintained. The museums are of See also:great See also:interest. The Vestlandske See also:fishery and See also:industrial museum also contains a picture See also:gallery, and See also:exhibition of the Bergen See also:Art See also:Union (Kunstforening). The Bergen museum contains antiquities and a natural See also:history collection. The Hanseatic museum is housed in a carefully-preserved gaard, or See also:store-See also:house and offices of the Hanseatic See also:League of See also:German merchants, who inhabited the German See also:quarter (Tydskenbryggen) and were established here in great strength from 1445 to 1558 (when the Norwegians began to find their presence irksome), and brought much prosperity to the city in that See also:period. The Bergenhus and Fredriksberg forts defend the See also:north and See also:south entries of the harbour respectively. The first was originally built in the 13th century by See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King See also:Haakon Haakonsson, and subsequently enlarged; and still bears marks of an See also:English attack when a Dutch See also:fleet was driven to shelter here in 1665. Near it are remains of another old fort, the Sverresborg. Electric trams ply in the principal streets.
Bergen is the birthplace of the poets Ludvig See also:Holberg (1684-1754) and Johan See also:Welhaven (1807-1873), of Johan See also:Dahl the painter (1788-1857), of Ole See also:Bull (1810-1880) and Edvard See also:Grieg the musicians. There are statues to Holberg and Bull, and also to See also:Christie, See also:president of the Storthing (See also:parliament) in 1815 and 1818.
Bergen ranks first of the See also:Norwegian See also:ship-owning centres, having risen to this position from fifth in 1879. The See also:trade, however, is exceeded by that of See also:Christiania. The See also:staple export trade is in fish and their products; other exports are See also:butter, See also:copper ore and hides. The principal imports are See also:coal, machinery, See also:salt, See also:grain and provisions. The manufactures are not extensive, but the preparation of fish products, See also:shipbuilding, See also:weaving and distillery, with manufactures of See also:paper, pottery, See also:tobacco and See also:ropes are carried on. Bergen is an important centre of the extensive tourist See also:traffic of Norway. See also:Regular steamers serve the See also:port from See also:Hull and See also:Newcastle (about 40 See also:hours), from See also:Hamburg, and from all the Norwegian coast towns. Many See also:local steamers penetrate the fjords, touching at every See also:village and guard. Bergen is the nearest port to the famous Hardanger See also:Fjord, and is the starting-point of a remarkable railway which runs through many tunnels and fine scenery towards See also:Vossevangen or See also:Voss. In 1896 a beginning was made with the continuation of this See also:line through the mountains to connect with Christiania. In the first 50 M. from Voss the line ascends 4080 ft., passing through a See also:tunnel 5796 yds. See also:long.
Bergen (formerly Bjorgvin) was founded by King See also:Olaf Kyrre in 1070-10i5, and rapidly See also:grew to importance, the Byfjord becoming the See also:scene of several important engagements in the See also:civil See also:wars of subsequent centuries.
The famous Hansa merchants maintained a failing position here till 1764. The town suffered frequently from See also:fire, as in 1702 and 1855, and the broad open spaces (Almenninge) which interrupt the streets are intended as a safeguard against the spread of flames.
See Y. Nielsen, Bergen fra See also:die aldste tider indtil nutiden (Christiania, 1877) ; H. See also:Jager, Bergen og Bergenserne (Bergen, 1889).
BERGEN-OP-ZOOM, a town in the See also:province of North See also:Brabant, See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland, situated on both sides of the small See also:river Zoom, near its confluence with the See also:East See also:Scheldt, 382 m. by See also:rail E. by N. of See also:Flushing. It is connected by See also:steam See also:tramway with See also:Antwerp (20 M. S.). and with the islands of Tholen and Duiveland to the north-west. Pop. (1900) 13,663. The houses are well built, the market-places and squares handsome and spacious. It possesses a port and an See also:arsenal, and contains a fine town See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
hall, with portraits of the See also:ancient margraves of Bergen-op-Zoom, a Latin school, and an academy. of design and See also:architecture. The remains of the old See also:castle of the margraves have been converted into See also:barracks. The See also:tower is still See also:standing and is remarkable for its increase in See also:size as it rises, which causes it to See also:rock in a strong See also:wind. The See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church contains a See also:monument to See also:Lord See also:Edward See also:Bruce, killed in a See also:duel with See also:Sir Edward See also:Sackville, afterwards See also:earl of See also:Dorset, in 1613. There are numerous See also:tile-See also:works and See also:potteries of fine See also:ware; and a considerable trade is carried on in anchovies and oysters caught in the Scheldt. A large See also:sugar-See also:beet See also:industry has also sprung up here in See also:modern times.
Bergen-op-Zoom is a very old town, but little is known of its See also:early history beyond the fact that it was taken by the See also:Normans in 880. In the 13th century it became the seat of See also:Count See also:Gerhard of Wesemael, who surrounded it with walls and built a castle. By the end of the 15th century it had become one of the most prosperous towns of Holland, on See also:account of its See also:fisheries and its See also:cloth-trade. In 1576 the town joined the See also:United See also:Netherlands, and was shortly afterwards fortified. In 1588 it was successfully. defended against the See also:duke of See also:Parma by an English and Dutch See also:garrison commanded by See also:Colonel See also:Morgan, and in 16o5 it was suddenly attacked by Du Terail. In 1622 the Spaniards, under See also:Spinola, made another See also:attempt to take the town, but were forced to abandon the enterprise after a See also:siege of ten See also:weeks and the loss of 1200 men. Towards the end of the 17th century the fortifications were greatly strengthened by See also:Coehoorn, and in 1725 they were further extended. In 1747, however, the town was taken by the See also:French, under See also:Marshal Lowendahl, who surprised it by means of a subterranean passage. Restored at the end of the See also:war, it was again taken by the French under See also:Pichegru in 1795. The English, under Sir See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas See also:Graham, afterwards Lord See also:Lynedoch, in See also:March 1814 made an attempt to take it by a coup de See also:main, but were driven back with great lossby the French, who surrendered the place, however, by the treaty of See also:peace in the following May.
The lordship of Bergen-op-Zoom appears, after the definite union of the See also:Low Countries with the See also:Empire in 924, as an hereditary See also:fief of the Empire, and the See also:succession of its lords may be traced from See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry (1098—1125), who also held See also:Breda. In 1533 it was raised to a margraviate by the See also:emperor See also:Charles V., and was held by various families until in 1799 it passed, through the Sultzbach See also:branch of the Wittelsbachs, to the royal house of See also:Bavaria, by whom it was renounced in favour of the Batavian See also:republic in 18o1.
End of Article: BERGEN
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