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See also:CHRISTIANIA (officially KRISTIANIA) , the See also:capital of See also:Norway, forming a See also:separate See also:county (amt), and the seat of a bishopric (stift). Pop. (19o1) 229,101. It lies on the See also:south-eastern See also:coast, at the See also:head of Christiania See also:Fjord, about 8o m. from the open See also:waters of the See also:Skagerrack, is 59° 54' N. (about the See also:latitude of the See also:southern extremity of the See also:Shetland Islands) and lo° 45' E., mainly on the See also:west See also:bank of the small Aker See also:river. The situation is very beautiful, See also:pine-wooded hills rising sharply behind the See also:city, while several islands See also:stud the fjord. The See also:town is mainly See also:modern, having increased rapidly in and since the second See also:half of the 19th See also:century, when See also:brick and See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone largely superseded See also:wood as the See also:building material. It is the seat of See also:government, of the supreme courts, of the See also:parliament (Storthing), and of a university. The See also:harbour is of two parts, the Bjorvik, where the larger steamers See also:lie, and the Pipervik, west of this. On the promontory intervening between these two inlets stands the old fortress of Akershus; occupied as an See also:arsenal and See also:prison, and having a pleasant See also:promenade upon its ramparts. Until 1719 it was a royal See also:palace. At the head of the Bjorvik the See also:principal railway station (Hovedbanegaard) stands in the Jernbanetory (railway square), and See also:north-west from this runs the principal See also:street, Karl-Johans-See also:gade. In this street, passing the Vor Frelsers See also:Kirke (ChM-eh of our Saviour), the Storthings-Bygning
(parliament-See also:house, 1866) is seen, facing a handsome square planted with trees. Beyond this is the See also:National See also:theatre (1899), with See also:colossal statues of the dramatists See also:Ibsen and BjSrnsen. It faces the Fridericiana University, housed in three 'buildings dating from 1853, but founded by See also:Frederick VI. of See also:Denmark in 1811, embracing the five faculties of See also:theology, See also:law, See also:medicine, See also:history and See also:philology, See also:mathematics and natural sciences. The equipment of the university is very See also:complete: it has attached to it a large and valuable library, natural history, ethnological and numismatic collections, with one of Scandinavian antiquities; also botanical gardens and an See also:observatory. The Karl-Johans-gade gives upon the beautiful Slotspark, a wooded See also:elevation crowned with the royal palace (slot), a See also:plain building completed in 1848. North of the university is the museum of See also:art, containing a noteworthy collection of See also:sculpture and paintings of See also:ancient and modern See also:foreign masters, and of native See also:works. The See also:historical museum adjoining this contains See also:northern antiquities, including two See also:viking's See also:ships, excavated, in 1867 and 188o respectively, from the See also:burial-places of the viking chiefs who owned and, according to See also:custom, were buried in them. Another noteworthy collection is that of See also:industrial art. The Bank of Norway, the See also:exchange, and the courts of law lie between the harbours. Other institutions are the Freemasons' See also:Lodge; housed in one of the handsomest buildings in the city (1844), a conservatory of See also:music, See also:naval, military and art See also:schools, See also:Athenaeum, and the See also:great Dampkjokken or See also:kitchen (1858), where dinners are provided for the poor.
The suburbs of Christiania are attractive and rapidly growing. On the See also:east See also:side of the river Aker is that of Oslo, with the existing episcopal palace, and an old See also:bishop's palace, in which See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James VI. of See also:Scotland (I. of See also:England) was betrothed to Princess See also:Anne of Denmark (1589). In the environs of the city are the royalplea sure See also:castle of Oscarshal (1847-1852), on the See also:peninsula Bygdo (Ladugaard) to the west of the city, and the See also:Norwegian national museum (1881), containing industrial and domestic exhibits from the various provinces. See also:Close at See also:hand is an interesting collection of old Norwegian buildings, brought here from all parts, and re-erected, including an example of the See also:timber See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church of the 12th century (Slavekirke). A collection of ancient agricultural implements is also shown. On HovedO (Head See also:Island) in the fjord, immediately opposite to the Akershus, are the ruins of a Cistercian monastery, founded in 1147 by monks from Kirkstead in See also:Lincolnshire, England, and burnt down in 1532. There are sanatoria and inns among the surrounding hills, on which beautiful gardens are laid out, such as Hans Haugen, Frognersaeter, Holmenkollen, where the famous See also:ski (See also:snow-See also:shoe) races are held in See also:February, and , Voksenkollen. Electric tramways connect the city and suburbs, and See also:local steamers run from the Pipervik to the neighbouring islands and fjord-side towns and villages.
Christiania has two railway stations, the Hovedbanegaard by the Bjorvik, and the Vestbanegaard by the Pipervik. From the first trains run south to See also:Fredrikshald and See also:Gothenburg, east to Charlottenberg and See also:Stockholm, north to Harnar and See also:Trondhjem, and Otta in See also:Gudbrandsdal, and to Gjovik and the Valdres See also:district. From the west station start the lines to Dramrnen, See also:Laurvik, See also:Skien and See also:Kongsberg (for the See also:Telemark district). The eastward See also:extension of the railway between See also:Bergen and See also:Vossevangen, undertaken in 1896, had as its ultimate See also:object the connexion of Christiania and Bergen by See also:rail. With these extensive See also:land communications Christiania is at once the principal See also:emporium of southern Norway, and a favourite centre of the extensive tourist See also:traffic. See also:Regular passenger steamers serve the See also:port from See also:Hull, See also:Newcastle, See also:Grangemouth and See also:London, from Trondhjem, Bergen and the Norwegian coast towns, from See also:Hamburg, Amster-See also:dam, See also:Antwerp, &c. Except for two large See also:shipbuilding yards, one with a floating See also:dock, the other with a dry dock, most of the manufactories are concentrated in the suburb of Sagene, on the north side of the city, deriving their See also:motive See also:power from the numerous falls of the river Aker. They embrace factories for See also:cotton and woollen See also:spinning and See also:weaving, See also:paper, See also:flour, See also:soap and oil, bricks and tiles, matches, nails (especially See also:horse-shoe nails), See also:margarine, foundries and See also:engineering shops, wood-pulp, See also:tobacco,matches, See also:linen, See also:glass, See also:sail-See also:cloth, hardware, See also:gunpowder, chemicals, with sawmills, breweries and distilleries. There is also a busy See also:trade in the preparation of See also:granite paving-stones, and in the storing and packing of See also:ice. Imports greatly exceed exports, the See also:annual values being about 72 and 11 millions See also:sterling respectively. The former consist principally of See also:grain and flour, cottons and woollens, See also:coffee, See also:iron (raw and manufactured), See also:coal, See also:- BACON
- BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
- BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
- BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
- BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
- BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
- BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)
bacon and See also:salt See also:meat, See also:oils, See also:sugar, machinery, See also:flax, jute and See also:hemp, paper-hangings, paints, See also:colours, &c., wines and See also:spirits, raw tobacco, See also:copper, See also:zinc, See also:lead and See also:tin, See also:silk, See also:molasses and other commodities. The principal exports are wood-pulp, timber, nails, paper, See also:butter and margarine, matches, condensed See also:milk, See also:fish, See also:leather and hides, ice, sealskins, &c. Of the imports, Great See also:Britain supplies the greater See also:part of the cotton and woollen See also:yarn, the machinery (including ships), and the raw metals; the See also:United States about one-half of the oils and fats, and a large proportion of the See also:food-stuffs, and skins, feathers, &c. Of the exports, almost the whole of the timber goes to Great Britain, together with the larger portion of the paper and food-stuffs (butter, &c.). The harbour is ice-See also:bound for three or four months in the See also:winter, when ships lie at Drobak, See also:lower down the fjord; but ice-breakers are also used. See also:Early in 1899 the See also:municipality voted £47,000 for the construction of a See also:pier, a harbour for fishing-boats, protected by a See also:mole, and a See also:quay, 345 ft. See also:long, on the See also:shore underneath the Akershus. These works signalized a great See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme of improvement, involving a See also:general rearrangement of the entire harbour.
The See also:present suburb of Oslo represents the See also:original city, which was founded on this site under that name (or Opslo) by See also:Harald Sigurdsson in 1048. By the close of the 14th century it was established as the See also:chief city of Norway. Trade was long dominated by the powerful Hanseatic See also:League, at least until the beginning of the 16th century. The town, built mainly of wood, was no less subject to fires than all Norwegian towns have always been, and after one of these See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King See also:Christian IV. refounded the capital on the new site it now occupies, and gave his name to it in 1624. By the close of the century it was fortified, but this did not prevent See also:Charles XII. from gaining See also:possession of it in 1716.
See L. Daae, Det gamle Christiania, 7624-7824 (Christiania, 1890) ; Y. Nielsen, Christiania and Umgegend (Christiania, 1894) ; G. Amneus, La Ville de Christiania . . . Resume historique, 6'c. (Christiania, 1900).
End of Article: CHRISTIANIA (officially KRISTIANIA)
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