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STOCKHOLM
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V25,
Page 937
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STOCKHOLM , the See also: capital of See also:Sweden, on the See also:east See also:coast, not far See also:south of the junction of the Baltic See also:Sea and the Gulf of See also:Bothnia. It is celebrated for the beauty and remarkable See also:physical characteristics of its situation. The coast is here thickly fringed with islands (the skargdrd), through which a See also:main channel, the Saltsjo, penetrates from the open sea, which is nearly 40 M. from the mainland. A See also:short stream with a fall normally so slight as to be sometimes reversed by the See also:tide, drains the See also:great See also:lake See also:Malar into the Saltsjo. The scenery of both the lake and the skdrgdrd is similar, the numerous islands See also:low, rocky, and generally wooded, the waterways between them narrow and quiet. The See also:city stands at the junction of the lake and the sea, occupying both shores and the small islands intervening. From the presence of these islands a fanciful appellation for this city is derived— " the See also:Venice of the See also:North "; but actually only a small See also:part is insular. There are three main divisions, Staden, the See also:ancient See also:nucleus of the city, properly confined to Stadholmen (the city See also:island) which divides the stream from Malar into two arms, Norrstrom and Soderstrom; Norrmalm on the north See also:shore of the channel, and Sedermalm on the south. The ancient origin of Staden is apparent in the narrow and winding streets, though the individual houses are not very old, owing to the ravages of frequent fires. A few, made°. however, preserve See also:antique narrow fronts with gables, as in some of the North See also:German towns. The old See also:market, still called Stortorg (great market) is now one of the smallest in Stockholm. At the north See also:angle of the island is the Royal See also:Palace (Slott).The See also: original See also:building was destroyed by See also:fire in 1697, the See also:body of See also:
South-west of 1. Stortorg (Great Market) 2. Slott (Royal Palace) 3. Riddarhustorg 4. Storkyrka 5. Helgeandsholmen 6. Gustaf-Adolfs-Torg 7. Karl-den-Tolftes-Torg 8. Kungstradg&rd (Royal See also: Garden) 9. Klaralyrko 10. Central Railway Station 11. See also:Observatory 12.St Johanneskyrka 13. See also: Caroline Medical See also:Institute 14. Serafimer See also:Hospital 15. Royal Library 16. See also:National Museum the Royal Palace is the Storkyrka (great See also:
On Riddarholm also are various See also:
M. See also: Bellman, and west of this, occupying one side of a square, is the central railway station. In the building of the See also:academy of See also:science is the national museum of natural See also:history, including mineralogical, zoological, and ethnographical departments. Drottningsgatan terminates at the observatory, on a rocky See also:eminence, near which are the offices for the See also:distribution of the See also:Nobel fund. To the east the See also:modern See also:Gothic church of St Johannes, with a lofty See also:spire, stands conspicuously on the Brunkebergsas, one of the highest points in the city. To the north is the small Vanad's Park. To the west is the modern quarter of Vasastad, with its park. On the island of Kungsholm, south of Vasastad, are the Caroline medical institute, several hospitals, the See also:principal of which is the Serafimer (1752), the royal mint and factories. Ostermalm, lying east, that is, on the seaward side, of Norrmalm, is a See also:good residential quarter, containing no public buildings of See also:note, See also:save the See also:barracks of the See also:Swedish See also:Guards and the See also:fine royal library, which is entitled to receive a copy of every See also:work printed in Sweden. The library stands in the beautiful park of Humlegard (See also:hop-garden), in which is also a statue of See also:Linnaeus. South of Ostermalm, and east of the Kungstradgard and Staden, lies the See also:peninsula of Blasieholm (formerly an island) and, connected by See also:bridges, the islands of Skeppsholm and Kastellholm, the three forming the foreground in the beautiful seaward view from the Norrbro. On the first STOCKHOLM of the. leading sporting clubs have their headquarters in Stockholm.An See also: annual regatta is held See also:early in See also:August by the Royal Swedish Yacht See also:Club (Svenska Segelsallkapet). A See also:harbour much frequented by yachts is Sandhamn in the See also:outer skargdrd. The Stockholm General See also:Skating Club (Almanna Skridskoklubb) is the leading institution for the most favoured winter See also:sport. A characteristic spectacle in winter is the See also:tobogganing in the Humlegard on holidays. The principal athletic ground is the Idrottspark (See also:Sports Park), on the north side of Ostermalm, with See also:tennis courts and a See also:cycling track, which may be changed into a skating-rink in winter. There is a similar park at Djursholm. See also:Commerce.—The See also:industries of Stockholm are See also:miscellaneous. The value of the output of these is nearly thrice those of See also:Malmo or Gothen• See also:burg, the next most important manufacturing towns, and the industriesbf Stockholm exceed those of every lan (administrative See also:division) except Malinohus. The See also:iron and See also:steel industries are very important. including See also:engineering in every See also:branch, and See also:shipbuilding. Factories for articles of human See also:consumption (e.g. breweries and See also:tobacco See also:works) are numerous; and See also:cork, wood, See also:silk and See also:leather works may also be mentioned. Fine See also:ware is produced by the Rorstrand and Gustafsberg See also:porcelain works. In addition there are various government works, as the mint and See also:printing works.Stockholm is the first See also: port in Sweden for import See also:trade, but as regards exports ranks about level with Malmo and is exceeded by See also:Gothenburg. The imports See also:average nearly 30% of those of the whole See also:country, but the exports only 9 %, Stockholm having proportionately little See also:share in the vast See also:timber export trade. Vessels of 23 ft. See also:draught can go up to the city (Skeppsbro and Blasieholm quays), and there is an outport at Vartan on the Lilla Vartan channel to the north-east. Government.—Stockholm is the centre of government and the usual See also:residence of the king; in summer he generally occupies one of the neighbouring country palaces. The city is the seat of the high court of See also:justice (Hogsta Domstolen) and of the court of See also:appeal for the northern and midland districts (Svea Hofratt). It is one of the two Swedish See also:naval stations (See also:Karlskrona being the principal one), and the headquarters of the See also:fourth and fifth See also:army divisions. As regards See also:local government, Stockholm is a lan (administrative See also:district) in [itself, distinct from the rural lan of the same name, under a high See also:governor (ofverstathdllare) and See also:deputy, with departments for secretarial work, See also:taxation and See also:police. The city is in the See also:diocese of See also:Upsala, but has a See also:separate See also:consistory, composed of the rectors of the city parishes, the See also:president of which is the See also:rector of St Nicholas (Storkyrka). See also:Population.—The population of Stockholm in 1900 was 300,624. In 1751 it was 61,040; in 185o, 93,070; and in 188o, 176,875. History.—Before the rise of Stockholm, Bjorko, Sigtuna and Upsala were places of great importance. Bjorko (" the isle of birches "), by See also:foreign authors called Birka, was a kind of capital where the king lived occasionally at least; history speaks of its relations with Dorestad in the See also:Netherlands, and the extensive refuse heaps of the old city, as well as the numerous sepulchral monuments, show that the population must have been large.But though situated at a central point on Lake Malar, it was destroyed, apparently before the beginning of the 11th See also: century (exactly when or by whom is uncertain) ; and it never recovered. Sigtuna, lying on the shore of a far-reaching northern See also:arm of Lake Malar, also a royal residence and the seat of the first mint in Sweden, where See also:English workmen were employed by King See also:Olaf at the beginning of the 11th century, was destroyed in the 12th century. Stockholm was founded by Birger Jarl, it issaid, in or about I255, at a time when pirate fleets were less See also:common than they had been, and the government was anxious to establish commercial relations with the towns which were now beginning to flourish on the See also:southern coast of the Baltic. The city was originally founded as a fortress on the island of Stadholm. The See also:castle was erected at the north-eastern corner, and the city was surrounded with walls having fortified towers on the north and south. It came to be called Stockholm (" the isle of the See also:log," Latin Holmia, German Holm) ; the true explanation of the name is not known. During the See also:middle ages the city See also:developed steadily, and See also:grew to command all the foreign commerce of the midlands and north, but it was not until modern times that Stockholm became the capital of Sweden. The See also:medieval See also:kings visited See also:year by year different parts of the See also:kingdom. See P. R. Ferlin, Stockholms Stad (Stockholm, 1854–1858) ; C. Lundin and A.See also: Strindberg, Gamla Stockholm (Stockholm, 1882) ; C. Lundin Nya Stockholm (Stockholm, 189o) ; G. Nordensvan, Malardrottningen [" the queen of Malar "] (Stockholm, 1896) ; E. W. is the national museum (1866), a Renaissance building, contain- the principal place for variety entertainments in summer. Several See also:ing See also:historical, numismatic and art-See also:industrial collections, with ancient and modern sculptures, picture-See also:gallery and engravings. The numismatic collection is notable for its See also:series of Anglo-Saxon coins. About 11,000 pieces came from the island of See also:Gotland, some dating from 901–924, but the majority are later. In front of the museum is a See also:bronze See also:cast of the famous See also:group of J. P. Iblolin (18J9), the Baltespannare (See also:belt-bucklers), representing an early form of See also:duel in Scandinavia, in which the combatants were See also:bound together by their belts. On Skeppsholm are naval and military depots, and on Kastellholm a small citadel.East of Skeppsholm an inlet, Ladugardslandsviken, so named from the proximity of the former royal See also: farm-yard (ladugdrd), and bordered on the mainland by a quay with hand-some houses called Strandvagen, throws off a narrow branch (Djurgardsbrunnsviken) and separates from the mainland an island about 2 M. in length by 4 m. broad. This is mainly occupied by Djurgarden (the See also:deer-park), a beautiful park containing the buildings of the northern museum, a collection of Scandinavian costumes and domestic and agricultural utensils, and a biological museum housed in a wooden building imitating the early See also:Norwegian timber churches (stavekirke). Here also is Skansen, an ingenious See also:reproduction in See also:miniature of the salient physical features of Sweden with its See also:flora, See also:fauna, and characteristic dwellings inhabited by peasants in the picturesque costumes of the various districts. Both the northern museum and Skansen were founded by Dr See also:Arthur Hazelius (1833–1901). There is a bust of the poet K. M. Bellman, whose festival is held on the 26th of See also:July. Sodermalm, the southern quarter, is principally residential. Rocky heights rise to 120 ft. above the See also:water, and two See also:steam lifts, Katarina-Hissen and Maria-Hissen, surmount them. Environs.—The beautiful environment of sea and lake is fully appreciated by the inhabitants. To the north of the city, accessible by See also:rail and water, are the residential suburbs of Haga and Ulriksdal, with royal chateaux, and Djursholm. Saltsjobaden.9 m. east of Stockholm, on Baggensfjord, is the nearest and most favoured seaside resort, but Dalaro (20 M. south-east) and Nynashamn (39 m. south) are much frequented. Vaxholm, 12 M. north-east by water, is a pleasant fishing-See also: village where nurflerous villas have been built. A fortification on one of the islands here was erected by Gustavus Vasa, but has been modernized and is maintained. Educational and Scientific Institutions.—Stockholm has no state university. A private university (Hogskoler) was founded in 1878, and was brought under state See also:control in 1904. The president of the governing body is appointed by the government, while the See also:appointment of the remaining members is shared by the Swedish Academy, the Academy of Sciences and the City Council. The faculties are four—See also:philosophy and history, See also:philology, See also:mathematics and natural sciences, and See also:jurisprudence. The Caroline Institute (Karolinska Mediko-Kirurgiska Institut) is a medical foundation dating from 1815, which ranks since 1874 with the state See also:universities of Upsala and See also:Lund in the right to hold See also:examinations and confer degrees in its See also:special See also:faculty. Special and secondary See also:education is highly developed; there are See also:schools of See also:agriculture, See also:mining and forestry, military schools, technical schools, a veterinary school, a school of See also:pharmacy, &c. Among the public colleges under state control, one, the Nya Elementarskolan, was founded experimentally in 1828, after the Education See also:Committee of 1825-1828, among the members of which were See also:Tegner and Berzelius, had reported on the want of such schools. This school retains its separate governing hoard; whereas others of the class are under a central See also:board. The control of the See also:primary schools in the parishes is similarly centralized; whereas in Sweden generally each See also:parish has its school-board.Stockholm is the seat of the principal learned See also: societies and royal See also:academies (see SWEDEN). There are schools of See also:painting, See also:sculpture and See also:architecture under the direction of the Royal Academy of Arts; a conservatory of See also:music under that of the Royal Academy of Music; and experimental gardens and laboratories under the Royal Society of Agriculture. The Natural FIistory Museum, the observatory and meteorological See also:office, and the botanical gardens are under the supervision of the royal academy of sciences. See also:Minor collections deserving mention are the museums of the See also:geological survey and the Caroline Medical Institute, and the archives in the See also:record office (Riksarkivet). Recreations.--Among places of entertainment, the royal theatre is managed by a See also:company receiving a state See also:subsidy. The Dramatic Theatre (Dramatiska Teatern), in Kungstradgards-Gatan, the Swedish (Svenska) theatre in Blasieholms-Gatan, and the Vasa theatre in Vasa-Gatan may also be mentioned. The Djurgard is See also:Dahlgren, Stockholm, Sveriges hufvustad skildrad (Stockholm, 1897, issued by the municipal council on the occasion of the Stockholm See also:Exhibition, 1897).Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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