Online Encyclopedia
Search over 40,000 articles from the original, classic Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition.
NOBILITY
Online EncyclopediaEncyclopedia Home :: NEW-NUM
del.icio.us it!
|
NOBILITY . To See also:form a true understanding of what is strictly implied in the word " nobility," in its social as opposed to a purely moral sense, it is needful to distinguish its meaning from that of several words with which it is likely to be confounded. In See also:England nobility is See also:apt to be confounded with the See also:peculiar institution of the See also:British See also:peerage. Yet nobility, in some shape or another, has existed in most places and times of the See also:world's See also:history, while the British peerage is an institution purely See also:local, and one which has actually hindered the existence of a nobility in the sense which the word bears in most other countries. Nor is nobility the same thing as See also:aristocracy. This last is a word which is often greatly abused; but, whenever it is used with any regard to its true meaning, it is a word strictly See also:political, implying a. particular form of See also:government. But nobility is not necessarily a political See also:term; the distinction which it implies may be accompanied by political privileges or it may not. Again, it is sometimes thought that both nobility and aristocracy are in some See also:special way connected with kingly government. To not a few it would seem a See also:contradiction to speak of nobility or aristocracy in a See also:republic. Yet, though many republics have eschewed nobility, there is nothing in a republican, or even in a democratic, form of government inconsistent with the existence of nobility; and it is only in a republic that aristocracy, in the strict sense of the word, can exist. Aristocracy implies the existence of nobility; but nobility does not imply aristocracy; it may exist under any form of government. The peerage, as it exists in the three British kingdoms, is something which is altogether peculiar to the three British kingdoms, and which has nothing in the least degree like it elsewhere. Nobility, then, in the strict sense of the word, is the hereditary handing on from See also:generation to generation of some acknowledged pre-See also:eminence, a pre-eminence founded on hereditarysuccession, and on nothing else. Such nobility may be immemorial or it may not. There may or there may not be a See also:power vested somewhere of conferring nobility; but it is Deunman. essential to the true See also:idea of nobility that, when once acquired, it shall go on for ever to all the descendants—or, more commonly, only to all the descendants in the male See also:line—of the See also:person first ennobled or first recorded as See also:noble. The pre-eminence so handed on may be of any See also:kind, from substantial political power to See also:mere social respect and See also:precedence. It does not seem necessary that it should be formally enacted by See also:law if it is universally acknowledged by usage. It may be marked by titles or it may not. It is hardly needful to prove that nobility does not imply See also:wealth, though nobility without wealth runs some See also:risk of being forgotten. This See also:definition seems to take in all the kinds of nobility which have existed in different times and places. They have differed widely in the origin of the noble class and in the amount of See also:privilege implied in member-See also:ship of it; but they all agree in the transmission of some privilege or other to all the descendants, or to all the male descendants, of the first noble. In strictness nobility and gentry are the same thing. This fact is overshadowed in England, partly by the habitual use of the word " See also:gentleman " (q.v.) in various secondary uses, partly by the prevalent confusion between aNndp gentry. nobility and peerage. But that they are the same is proved by the use of the See also:French word gentilhomme, a word which has See also:pretty well passed out of See also:modern use, but which, as See also:long as it remained in use, never lost its true meaning. There were very wide distinctions within the French noblesse, but they all formed one privileged class as distinguished from the roturier. Here, then, is a nobility in the strictest sense. If there is no such class in England, it is simply because the class which answers to it has never been able to keep any universally acknowledged privileges. The word " gentleman " has lost its See also:original meaning in a variety of other uses, while the word " nobleman " has come to be confined to members of the peerage and a few of their immediate descendants. That the See also:English peerage does not See also:answer to the true idea of a nobility will be seen with a very little thought. There is no handing on of privilege or pre-eminence to perpetual generations. The peer holds a See also:great position, endowed with substantial See also:powers and privileges, and those powers and privileges are handed on by hereditary See also:succession. But they are handed on only to one member of the See also:family at a See also:time. The peer's See also:children, in some cases his grandchildren, have titles and precedence, but they have no substantial privileges. His remoter descendants have no See also:advantage of any kind over other See also:people, except their See also:chance of succeeding to the peerage. The remote descendant of a See also:duke, even though he may chance to be See also:heir presumptive to the dukedom, is in no way distinguished from any other gentleman; it is even possible that he may not hold the social See also:rank of See also:gentle. See also:man. This is not nobility in the true sense; it is not nobility as nobility was understood either in the French See also:kingdom or in the Venetian See also:commonwealth. Nobility thus implies the vesting of some hereditary privilege or advantage in certain families, without deciding in what such privilege or advantage consists. Its nature may differ widely according to the causes which have led to the See also:establishment of the distinction between family and family in each particular See also:case. The way in which nobility has arisen in different times and places is very various, and there are several nations whose history will See also:supply us with examples of a nobility of one kind giving way to a nobility of another kind. The history of the See also:Roman commonwealth illustrates this perhaps better than any other .l What we may See also:call the nobility of earlier occupation makes way for the nobility of See also:office. Our first glimpses of See also:authentic Roman history set before us two orders in the same See also:state, one of which is distinguished from the other by many exclusive privileges. The privileged I For the ethnological problems raised by the relations of populus and See also:plebs, see See also:Roma: History, § I.; also See also:PATRICIANS, Raman Populus. See also:order—the populus, patres, patricians—has all the characteristics which we commonly expect to find in a privileged order. It is a minority, a minority strictly marked out by See also:birth from other members of the commonwealth, a minority which seems further, though this point is less clearly marked, to have had on the whole the advantage in point of wealth. When we are first entitled to speak with any kind of certainty, the non-privileged class possess a certain See also:share in the See also:election of magistrates and the making of See also:laws. But the privileged class alone are eligible to the greatest offices of the state; they have in their hands the exclusive See also:control of the See also:national See also:religion; they have the exclusive enjoyment of the See also:common See also:land of the state—in See also:Teutonic phrase, the See also:folkland. A little See also:research shows that the origin of these privileges was a very See also:simple one. Those who appear in later times as a privileged order among the people had once been the whole people. The patricians, patres, housefathers, goodmen—so lowly is the origin of that proud name—were once the whole Roman people, the original inhabitants of the Roman hills. They were the true populus See also:Romanus, alongside of whom See also:grew up a secondary Roman people, the plebs or See also:commons. As new settlers came, as the people of conquered towns were moved to See also:Rome, as the See also:character of See also:Romans was granted to some See also:allies and forced upon some enemies, this plebs, sharing some but not all of the rights of citizens, became a non-privileged order alongside of a privileged order. As the non-privileged order increased in See also:numbers, while the privileged order, as every exclusive hereditary See also:body must do, lessened, the larger body gradually put on the character of the nation at large, while the smaller body put on the character of a nobility. But their position as a nobility or privileged class arose solely because a class with inferior rights to their own grew up around them. They were not a nobility or a privileged class as long as there was no less privileged class to distinguish them from. Their exclusive See also:possession of power made the commonwealth in which they See also:bore See also:rule an aristocracy; but they were a See also:democracy among themselves. We see indeed faint traces of distinction among the patricians themselves, which may See also:lead us to guess that the equality of all patricians may have been won by struggles of unrecorded days, not unlike those which in recorded days brought about the equality of patrician and plebeian. But at this we can only guess. The Roman patricians, the true Roman populus, appear at our first sight of them as a body democratic in its own constitution, but See also:standing out as an order marked by very substantial privileges indeed from the other body, the plebs, also democratic in its own constitution, but in every point of See also:honour and power the marked inferior of the populus. The old people of Rome thus grew, or rather shrank up, into a nobility by the growth of a new people by their See also:side which they Pens declined to admit to a share in their rights, powers and possessions. A See also:series of struggles raised this new people, the plebs, to a level with the old people, the populus. The See also:gradual character of the See also:process is not the least instructive See also:part of it. There are two marked stages in the struggle. In the first the plebeians strive to obtain See also:relief from laws and customs which were actually oppressive to them, while they were profitable to the patricians. When this relief has been gained by a series of enactments, a second struggle follows, in which the plebeians win political equality with the patricians. In this second struggle, too, the ground is won See also:bit by bit. No See also:general law was ever passed to abolish the privileges of the patricians; still less was any law ever passed to abolish the dis- tinction between patrician and plebeian. All that was done was done step by step. First, See also:marriage between the two orders was legalized. Then one law admitted plebeians to one office, another law to another. See also:Admission to military command was won first, then admission to See also:civil See also:jurisdiction; a share in religious functions was won last of all. And some offices, chiefly those religious offices which carried no political power with them, always remained the exclusive See also:property of the patricians, because no special law was ever passed to throw them open to plebeians. In this gradual way every See also:practical advantage on the part of the patricians was taken away. But the result did not lead to the abolition of all distinctions between the orders. Patricians and plebeians went on as orders defined by law, till the distinction died out in the confusion of things under the See also:empire, till at last the word " patrician " took quite a new meaning. The distinction, in truth, went on till the advantage turned to the side of the plebeians. Both consuls might be plebeians, both could not be patricians; a patrician could not wield the great powers vested in the tribunes of the commons. These were greater advantages than the exclusive patrician possession of the offices of interrex, rex sacrorum and the higher flamens. And, as the old distinction survived in law and religion after all substantial privileges were abolished, so presently a new distinction arose of which law and religion knew nothing, but which became in practice nearly as marked and quite as important as the older one. This was the growth of the new nobility of Rome, that body, partly patrician, partly plebeian, to whom the name nobililas strictly belongs in Roman history. This new nobility gradually became as well marked and as exclusive as the old patriciate. But if differed from the old patriciate in this, that, while the privileges of the old patriciate rested on law, or perhaps rather on immemorial See also:custom, the privileges of the new nobility rested wholly on a sentiment of which men could remember the beginning. Or it would be more accurate to say that the new nobility had really no privileges at all. Its members had no legal advantages over other citizens. They were a social See also:caste, which strove to keep, and which largely succeeded in keeping, all high offices and political power in its own hands. Such privileges, even of an honorary kind, as the nobles did enjoy by law belonged to them, not as nobles, but as senators and senators' sons. Yet practically the new nobility was a privileged class; it See also:felt itself to be so, and it was felt to be so by others. This nobility consisted of all those who, as descendants of See also:curule magistrates, had the See also:jus imaginum—that is, who could point to forefathers ennobled by office. That is to say, it consisted of the remains of the old patriciate, together with those plebeian families any members of which had been chosen to curule offices. These were naturally those families which had been patrician in some other See also:Italian See also:city, but which were plebeian at Rome. Many of them equalled the patricians it wealth and antiquity of descent, and as soon as inter marriage was allowed they became in all things their social equals. The practical result of the Licinian reform was that the great plebeian families became, for all practical purposes, patrician. They separated themselves from the See also:mass of the plebeians to form a single body with the surviving patricians. Just as the old patricians had striven to keep plebeians out of high offices, so now the new nobles, patrician and plebeian alike, strove to keep " new men," men who had not the jus imaginum, out of high office. But there was still the difference that in the old state of things the plebeian was shut out by law, while in the new state of things no law shut out the new man. It needed a See also:change in the constitution to give the consulship to See also:Lucius Sextius; it needed only See also:union and See also:energy in the See also:electors to give it to See also:Gaius See also:Marius. The Roman case is often misunderstood, because the later Roman writers did not fully understand the case themselves. See also:Livy could never get rid of the idea that the old struggle between patrician and plebeian was something like the struggle between the nobility and the people at large in the later days of the commonwealth. In a certain sense he knew better; at any See also:rate, he often repeats the words of those who knew better; but the general impression given by his See also:story is that the plebeians were a See also:low See also:mob and their leaders factious and interested ringleaders of a mob. The case is again often misunderstood because the words " patrician " and " plebeian," like so many other technical Roman and See also:Greek words, have come in modern See also:language to be used in a way quite unlike their original sense. The word " plebeian," in its strict sense, is no more contemptuous than the word commoner in England. The plebs, like the English commons, contained families differing widely in rank and social position, among them those families which, as soon as an artificial barrier See also:broke down, joined with the patricians to form the new nobility. The whole See also:lesson is lost if the words " patrician " and " plebeian " are used in any but their strict sense. The Catuli and Metelli, among the proudest nobles of Rome, were plebeians, and as such could not have been chosen to the purely patrician office of interrex, or See also:flamen of See also:Jupiter. Yet even in See also:good writers on Roman history the words " patrician " and " plebeian " are often misapplied by being transferred to the later disputes at Rome, in which they are quite out of See also:place. We may now compare the history of nobility at Rome with its history in some other of the most famous city-commonwealths. Thus at See also:Athens i its history is in its See also:main outlines See also:Corn- ads°, very much the same as its history at Rome up to a between certain point, while there is nothing at Athens which Roman and at all answers to the later course of things at Rome. Athenlaa At Athens, as at Rome, an old patriciate, a nobility of nobilities. older See also:settlement, a nobility which had once been the whole people, was gradually shorn of all exclusive privilege, and driven to share equal rights with a new people which had grown up around it. The reform of See also:Cleisthenes (q.v.) answers in a general way to the reform of See also:Licinius, though the different circumstances of the two cities hinder us from carrying out the parallel into detail. But both at Rome and at Athens we see, at a See also:stage earlier than the final reform, an See also:attempt to set up a See also:standard of wealth, either instead of or alongside of the older standard of birth. This same general idea comes out both in the constitution of Servius and in the constitution of See also:Solon, though the application of the principle is different in the two cases. Servius made voting power depend on income; by Solon the same rule was applied to qualification for office. By this change power is not granted to every See also:citizen, but it is put within the reach of every citizen. No man can change his forefathers, but the poor man may haply become richer. The Athenian einrarpiSat, who were thus gradually brought down from their privileged position, seem to have been quite as proud and exclusive as the Roman patricians; but when they lost their privileges they lost them far more thoroughly, and they did not, as at Rome, practically See also:hand on many of them to a new nobility, of which they formed part, though not the whole. While at Rome the distinction of patrician and plebeian was never wiped out, while it remained to the last a legal distinction even when practical privilege had turned the other way, at Athens, after the democracy had reached its full growth, the distinction seems to have had no legal existence whatever. At Rome down to the last it made a difference whether the See also:candidate for office was patrician or plebeian, though the difference was in later times commonly to the advantage of the plebeian. At Athens, at any rate after See also:Aristides, the eupatrid was neither better nor worse off than another man. But, what is of far greater importance, there never arose at Athens any body of men which at all answered to the nobilitas of Rome. We see at Athens strong signs of social distinctions, even at a See also:late See also:period of the democracy; we see that, though the people might be led by the low-See also:born See also:demagogue—using that word in its strict and not necessarily dishonourable meaning—their votes most commonly See also:fell on men of See also:ancient descent. We see that men of birth and wealth often allowed themselves a See also:strange See also:licence in dealing with their low-born See also:fellow-citizens. But we see no sign of the growth of a body made up of patricians and leading plebeians who contrived to keep office to themselves by a social tradition only less strong than See also:positive law. We have at Athens the exact parallel to the state of things when Appius See also:Claudius shrank from the thought of the consulship of Gains Licinius; we have no exact parallel to the state of things when See also:Quintus See also:Metellus shrank from the thought of the consulship of Gaius Marius. The cause of the difference seems to be that, while the origin of the patriciate was exactly the same at Rome and at Athens, the origin of the commons was different. The four Ionic tribes at Athens seem to have answered very closely to the three patrician tribes at Rome; but the Athenian demos grew up in a different way from the Roman plebs. If we could believe that the Athenian demos arose out of the union of the t See further ATHENS: History, and See also:EUPATRIDAE.other See also:Attic towns with Athens, this would be an exact See also:analogy to the origin of the Roman plebs; the einrarpiSat would be the Athenians and the demos the Atticans ('Arrucoi). But from such glimpses of See also:early Attic history as we can get the union of the Attic towns would seem to have been completed before the constitutional struggle began. That union would answer rather to the union of the three patrician tribes of Rome. Such hints as we have, while they set before us, just as at Rome, a state of things in which small landed proprietors are burthened . with See also:debt, also set before us the Attic demos as, largely at least, a body of various origins which had grown up in the city. Cleisthenes, for instance, enfranchised many slaves and strangers, a course which certainly formed no part of the See also:platform of Licinius, and which reminds us rather of Gnaeus Flavius some-what later. On the whole it seems most likely that, while the See also:kernel of the Roman plebs was rural or belonged to the small towns admitted to the Roman See also:franchise, the Attic demos, largely at least, though doubtless not wholly, arose out of the mixed settlers who had come together in the city, answering to the ;LET OtKOl. of later times. If so, there would be no place in Athens for those great plebeian houses, once patrician in some other commonwealth, out of which the later Roman nobilitas was so largely formed. Thus the history of nobility at Athens supplies a See also:close analogy to the earlier stages of its history at Rome, but it has nothing answering to its later stages. At See also:Sparta we have a third instance of a people shrinking up into a nobility, but it is a people whose position differs altogether from anything either at Rome or at Athens. Sparta is the best case of a nobility of See also:conquest. This is true,whether we look on the lrepioLKOa as See also:Achaeans or as See also:Dorians, or as belonging some to one See also:race and some to the other (see See also:PERIOECI). In any case the Spartans form a ruling body, and a body whose privileged position in the land is owing to conquest. The Spartans answer to the patricians, the zrepiouKOt to the plebs; the See also:helots are below the position of plebs or demos. The only difference is that, probably owing to the fact that the distinction was due to conquest, the local character of the distinction lived on much longer than it did at Rome. We hardly look on the Spartans as a nobility among the other Lacedaemonians; Sparta rather is a ruling city bearing sway over the other Lacedaemonian towns. But this is exactly what the original Roman patricians, the settlers on the three See also:oldest hills, were in the beginning. The so-called cities (race) of the aeploLKOt answered pretty well to the local plebeian tribes; the difference is that the 7repioucot never became a See also:united corporate body like the Roman plebs. Sparta to the last remained what Rome was at the beginning, a city with a populus (Si7µos) but no plebs. And, as at Rome in early times, there were at Sparta distinctions within the populus; there were Sµocot and uro,ueioves, like the majores and minores genies at Rome. Only at Rome, where there was a plebs to be striven against, these distinctions seem to have had a tendency to See also:die out, while at Sparta they seem to have had a tendency to widen. The Spartan patriciate could afford to disfranchise some of its own members. The other old Greek cities, as well as those of See also:medieval See also:Italy and See also:Germany, would supply us with endless examples of the various ways in which privileged orders arose. See also:Venice, a city not exactly belonging to any of these classes, essentially a city of the Eastern empire and not of the Western, gives us an example than which none- is more instructive. The renowned patriciate of Venice was as far removed as might be from the character either of a nobility of conquest or of a nobility of older settlement. Nor was it strictly a nobility of office, though it had more in common with that than with either of the other two. As Athens supplies us with a parallel to the older nobility of Rome without any parallel to the later, so Venice supplies us with a parallel to the later nobility of Rome without any parallel to the earlier. Athens has Fabii and Claudii, but no Catuli or Metelli; Venice has Catuli and Metelli, but no Fabii or Claudii. In one point, however, the Venetian nobility differed from either the older or the newer nobility of Rome, and also from the older nobilities of the medieval Italian cities. Nowhere else did nobility so distinctly rise out of wealth, and that wealth gained by See also:commerce. In the original See also:island territory of Venice there could be no such thing as landed property. The agricultural plebeian of old Rome and the feudal noble of contemporary See also:Europe were both of them at Venice impossible characters. The Venetian nobility is an example of a nobility which gradually arose out of the mass of the people as certain families step by step See also:drew all political power into their own hands. The plebs did not gather See also:round the patres, neither were they conquered by the patres; the patres were See also:developed by natural selection out of the plebs, or, more strictly, out of the ancient populus. The See also:commune of Venice, the ancient See also:style of the common-wealth, changed into the seigniory of Venice. Political power was gradually confined to those whose forefathers had held political power. This was what the later nobility of Rome was always striving at, and what they did to a great extent practically establish. But, as the exclusive privileges of the nobility were never recognized by any legal or formal See also:act, men like Gaius Marius would ever and anon thrust themselves in. The privileges which the Venetian nobility took to themselves were established by acts which, if not legal, were at least formal. The Roman nobility, resting wholly on sufferance, was over-thrown by the ambition of one of its own members. The Venetian nobility, resting also in its beginnings on sufferance, but on sufferance which silently obtained the force of law, lasted as long as Venice remained a See also:separate state. The hereditary See also:oligarchy of Venice was established by a series of changes which took place between the years 1297 and 1319. All of them together really go to make up the " Shutting of the Great See also:Council," a name which is formally given to the act of the first of those years. In 1172 the Great Council began as an elective body; it gradually ousted the popular See also:assembly from all practical power. It was, as might be looked for, commonly filled by members of distinguished families, descendants of ancient magistrates, who were already beginning to be looked on as noble. The series of revolutions already spoken of first made descent from former councillors a necessary qualification for election to the council; then election was abolished, and the council consisted of all descendants of its existing members who had reached the See also:age of twenty-five. Thus the optimates of Venice did what the optimates of Rome strove to do: they established a nobility whose one qualification was descent from those who had held office in past times. This is what the nobility of office, if See also:left unchecked, naturally grows into. But the particular way in which oligarchy was finally established at Venice had some singular results. Some of the great families which were already looked on as noble were not reprdsented in the council at the time of the shutting; of others some branches were represented and others not. These families and branches of families, however noble they might be in descent, were thus shut out from all the The Roman political privileges of nobility. When one See also:branch of Curiae and a family was admitted and one shut out we have an the Great analogy to the patrician and plebeian Claudii, though Council of the distinction had come about in quite another way. Venice. And in the Great Council itself we have the lively See also:image of the aristocratic popular assembly of Rome, the assembly of the populus, that of the curiae, where every man of patrician birth had his place. The two institutions are the same, only the way in which they came about is exactly opposite. The assembly of curiae at Rome, originally the democratic assembly of the original people, first grew into an aristocratic assembly, and then died out altogether as a new Roman people, with its own assembly, grew up by its side. It was a See also:primitive institution which gradually changed its character by force of circumstances. It died out, supplanted by other and newer powers, when it became altogether unsuited to the times. The Great Council of Venice was anything but a primitive institution; it was the artificial institution of a late age, which grew at the expense of earlier institutions, of the See also:prince on the one side and of the people on the other. But the two different roads led to the same result. The Great Council of Venice, the curiae of Rome, were each of them the assembly of a privileged class, an assembly in which every member of that classhad a right to a place, an assembly which might be called popular as far as the privileged class was concerned, though rigidly oligarchic as regarded the excluded classes. But, close as the likeness is, it is merely a superficial likeness, because it is the result of opposite causes working in opposite directions. It is like two men who are both for a moment in the same place, though their faces are turned in opposite ways. If the later nobilitas of Rome had established an assembly in which every one who had the jus imaginum had a See also:vote and none other, that would have been a real parallel to the shutting of the Venetian Great Council; for it would have come about through the working of causes which are essentially the same. The nobility which was thus formed at Venice is the very See also:model of a civic nobility, a nobility which is also an aristocracy. In a See also:monarchy, despotic or constitutional, there The cannot in strictness be an aristocracy, because the nobility of whole political power cannot be vested in the noble Venice class. But in the Venetian commonwealth the nobility andaristowas a real aristocracy. All political power was vested QfBL7' in the noble class; the prince sank to a See also:magistrate, keeping only some of the outward forms of See also:sovereignty; the mass of the people were shut out altogether. And, if no government on See also:earth ever fully carried out the literal meaning of aristocracy as the rule of the best, these civic nobilities come nearer to it than any other form of government. They do really seem to engender a kind of hereditary capacity in their members. Less favourable than either monarchy or democracy to the growth of occasional great men, they are more favourable than either to the See also:constant supply of a succession of able men, qualified to carry on the See also:work of government. Their weak point lies in their necessary conservatism; they cannot advance and adapt themselves to changed circumstances, as either monarchy or democracy can. When, therefore, their goodness is gone, their corruption becomes worse than the corruption of either of the other forms of government. All this is signally shown in the history both of Venice and of other aristocratic cities. But we are concerned with them now only as instances of one form of nobility. The civic aristocracies did not all arise in the same way. Venice Civic is the best type of one way in which they See also:rose; but cracle, it is by no means the only way. In not a few of the Italian cities nobility had an origin and ran a course quite unlike the origin and the course which were its See also:lot at Venice. The nobles of many cities were simply the nobles of the surrounding See also:country changed, sometimes greatly against their will, into citizens. Such a nobility differed far more widely from either the Roman or the Venetian patriciate than they differed from one another. It wanted the See also:element of legality, or at least of formality, which distinguished both these bodies. The privileges of the Roman patriciate, whatever we may call them, were not usurpations; and, if we call the privileges of the Venetian nobility usurpations, they were stealthy and peaceful usurpations, founded on something other than mere violence. But in many Italian cities the position of the nobles, if it did not begin hi violence, was maintained by violence, and was often over-thrown by violence. They remained, in See also:short, as unruly and isolated within the walls of the cities as they had ever been without. A nobility of this kind often gave way to a democracy which either proved as turbulent as itself, or else grew into an oligarchy ruling under democratic forms. Thus at See also:Florence the old nobles became the opposite to a privileged class. The process which at Rome gradually gave the plebeian a political advantage over the patrician was carried at Florence to a far greater length at a single See also:blow. The whole noble order was disfranchised; to be noble was See also:equivalent to being shut out from public office. But something like a new nobility presently grew up among the commons themselves; there were popolani See also:grossi at Florence just as there were noble plebeians at Rome. Only the Roman commons, great and small, never shut out the patricians from office; they were satisfied to share office with them. In short, the shutting out of the old nobility was, if not the formation of a new nobility, at least the formation of a new privileged class. For a certain class of citizens to be condemned, by virtue of their birth, to political disfranchisement is as flatly against every principle of democracy as for a certain class of citizens to enjoy exclusive rights by See also:reason of birth. The Florentine democracy was, in truth, rather to be called an oligarchy, if we accept the best definition of democracy (see See also:Thucydides vi. 39), namely, that it is the rule of the whole, while oligarchy is the rule of a part only.
It is in these aristocractic cities, of which Venice was the most fully developed model, that we can best see what nobility really is. It is in these only that we can see nobility in its purest form—nobility to which no man can rise and from which no man can come down except by the will of the noble class itself. In a monarchy, where the See also: But this has often been the case with the high magistracies of commonwealths whose constitutions were purely democratic. From this purest type of nobility, as seen in the aristocratic commonwealths, we may pass to nobility as seen in states of Rural greater extent—that is, for the most part in monarchies. nobility. There are two marked See also:differences between the two. They are differences which seem to be inherent in the difference between a republic and a monarchy, but which it would be truer to say are inherent in the difference between a body of men packed close together within the walls of a city and a body of men—if we can call them a body—scattered over a wide territory. The member of a civic nobility is more than a member of an order; he is a member of a See also:corporation; he has no powers, he has hardly any being, apart from the body of which he is a member. He has a vote in making the laws or in choosing those who make them; but when they are made he is, if anything, more strictly See also:bound by them than the citizen of the non-privileged order. To be a fraction of the corporate See also:sovereign, if it had its gains, had also its disadvantages; the Venetian noble was fettered by burthens, restrictions and suspicions from which the Venetian citizen was See also:free. The noble of the large country, on the other hand, the rural noble, as he commonly will be, is a member of an order, but he is hardly a member of a corporation; he is isolated; he acts apart from the See also:rest of the body and wins powers for himself apart from the rest of the body. He shows a tendency—a tendency whose growth will be more or less checked according to the strength of the central power—to grow into something of a See also:lord or even a prince on his own See also:account, a growth which may advance to the See also:scale of a See also:German elector or stop at that of an English lord of a See also:manor. Now many of these tendencies were carried into those Italian cities where the civic nobility was a See also:half-tamed country nobility; but they have no place in the true civic aristocracies. Let us take one typical example. In many parts of western Europe the right of private See also:war long remained the privilege of every noble, as it had once been the privilege of every See also:freeman. And in some Italian cities, the right, or at least the privilege, of private war was continued within the city walls. But no power of See also:imagination can conceive an acknowledged right of private war in Rome, Venice or See also:Bern. The other point of difference is that, whatever we take for the origin and the definition of nobility, in most countries it became something that could be given from outside, without the need of any consent on the part of the noble class itself. In other words, the king .or other prince can ennoble. We have seen how much this takes away from the true notion of nobility as understood in the aristocratic commonwealths. The nobility is no longer all-powerful; it may be constrained to admit within its own body members for whose presence it has no wish. Where this power exists the nobility is no longer in any strictness an aristocracy; it may have great privileges, great See also:influence, even great legal powers, but it is not the real ruling body, like the true aristocracy of Venice. In the modern states of western Europe the existing nobility seems to have for the most part had its origin in See also:personal service to the prince. And this nobility by personal service seems commonly to have supplanted an older nobility, the origin of which was, in some cases at least, strictly immemorial. In this way the later nobility of the thegns was in England substituted for the older nobility of the earls. Now the analogy between this change and the change from the Roman patriciate to the later Roman nobililas is obvious. In both cases the older nobility gives way, to a newer; and in both cases the newer nobility was a nobility of office. Under a kingly government office bestowed by the sovereign holds the same place which office bestowed by the people holds in a popular government. This new nobility of office supplanted, or perhaps rather absorbed, the older nobility, just as the later nobililas of Rome supplanted or absorbed the old patriciate. In our first glimpse of Teutonic institutions, as given us by See also:Tacitus, this older nobility appears as strictly immemorial (see See also:Waitz, Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte, i. i85 sq.), and its immemorial character appears also in the well-known See also:legend in the Rigsmal-See also:saga of the separate creation of jarl, kart and See also:thrall. These represent the three classes of mankind according to old Teutonic ideas—the noble, the simple freeman and the bondman. The kingly See also:house, where there is one, is not a distinct class; it is simply the noblest of the noble. For, as almost everywhere else, this Teutonic nobility admits of degrees, though it is yet harder to say in what the degrees of nobility consisted than to say in what nobility consisted itself. The older nobility is See also:independent of the possession of land; it is independent of office about the sovereign; it is hard to say what were the powers and privileges attached to it; but of its existence there is no doubt. But in no part of Europe can the existing nobility trace itself to this immemorial nobility of primitive days; the nobility of medieval and modern days springs from the later nobility of office. The nobles of modern Europe are rather thegnas than eorlas. The eorl of the old See also:system would doubtless commonly become a See also:thegn under the new, as the Roman patrician took his place in the new nobililas; but others could take their place there also. The Old-English laws point out ways by which the See also:churl might rise to thegn's rank, and in the centuries during which the change went on we find mention—complaining mention—both in England and elsewhere, at the See also:court of See also: A still wilder See also:tale spoke of See also:Hugh See also:Capet as the son of a See also:butcher of See also:Paris. Stories like these prove even more than the real rise of Hagano and Eadric. In England the nobility of the thegns was to a great extent personally displaced, so to speak, by the results of the See also:Norman Conquest. But the idea of nobility did not greatly Eagtand change. The English thegn sometimes yielded to, sometimes changed into, the Norman See also:baron, using that word in its widest sense, without any violent alteration in his position. The notion of holding land of the king became more prominent than the notion of personal service done to the king; but, as the land was held by the See also:tenure of personal service, the actual relation hardly changed. But the connexion between nobility and the holding of land comes out in the practice by which the lord so constantly took the name of his lordship. It is in this way that the prefixes de and von, descriptions in themselves essentially local, have become in other lands badges of nobility. This notion has died •out in England by the dropping of the Nobilities in early Western Europe. preposition; but it long lived on wherever Latin or French was used. And before long nobility won for itself a distinguishing outward badge. The See also:device of hereditary coat-See also:armour, a growth of the 12th See also:century, did much to define and See also:mark out the noble class throughout Europe. As it could be acquired by See also: In short, there is no real nobility in England; for the class which answers to See also:foreign nobility has so long ceased to have any practical privileges that it has long ceased to be looked on as a nobility, and the word nobility has been transferred to another class which has nothing answering to it out of the three British kingdoms.2 This last r This statement is mainly interesting as expressing the late See also:Professor Freeman's view; it is, however, open to serious See also:criticism. Coat-armour was in itself not necessarily a badge of nobility at all; it could be, and was, worn by people having no pretensions to be " gentlemen," and this is true both of England and the See also:continent. In its origin it was a mere personal mark of distinction, in the See also:primary sense of this word. No " rant " was necessary; it was assumed by all and sundry who had occasion to use it, though a reasonable See also:convention forbade one man to assume the device of another. Later arose the custom of granting arms as a mark of personal favour or gratitude. This again was not at the outset an exclusive right of the See also:crown; it was common for a See also:leader in See also:battle to grant to some one not of his family, who had specially distinguished himself, the right to See also:bear the whole or part of his coat of arms, differenced or undifferenced. On the other hand, many undoubted " gentlemen " never assumed arms at all. The claim of the heralds to make " gentry " depend on the bearing of coat-armour, and the right to this depend on grant or recognition by themselves as See also:officers of the crown, is of comparatively late growth. See further the See also:article GENTLEMAN.—W. A. P. 2 Compare e.g. the social conditions of Great See also:Britain and Germany. In Germany there are two classes of nobility: (r) the hoher Adel, members of the mediatized, formerly sovereign families, who rank as the equals in See also:blood (ebenburtig) of the royal houses of Europe; (2) the niederer Add, to which every one having the nobiliary prefix von belongs. In England " presentation at court " is the privilege of no particular class as such; and the wives of ministers of theclass in strictness takes in only the peers personally; at the outside it cannot be stretched beyond those of their children and grandchildren who bear the See also:courtesy titles of lord and See also:lady. No attempt has been here made to trace out the history of nobility in the various countries and, we must add, cities of Europe. All that has been attempted has been to point out some general truths, and to refer to some specially France. striking instances. Once more, it must be See also:borne in mind that, while it is essential to the idea of nobility that it should carry with it some hereditary privilege, the nature and extent of that privilege may vary endlessly. In the 18th century the nobility of France and the nobility of See also:Poland alike answered to the very strictest definition of nobility; but the political positions of the two were as broadly contrasted as the positions of any two classes of men could be. The nobility of France, keeping the most oppressive social and personal privileges, had been shorn of all political and even administrative power; the tyrants of the people were the slaves of the king. In Poland Poland sixty thousand gentlemen, See also:rich and poor, famous and obscure, but all alike gentlemen, rode out to choose a king by a unanimous vote, and to bind him when chosen by such conditions as they thought good. Those sixty thousand, like the populus of Rome, formed a narrow oligarchy as regarded the rest of the nation, but a See also:wild democracy among themselves. Poland, in short, came nearer than any kingdom or country of large extent to the nature of an aristocracy, as we have seen aristocracy in the aristocratic cities. The See also:chief power of the state was placed neither in the prince nor in the nation at large; it was held by a noble class. The kingly power in Poland, like the ducal power at Venice, had been so narrowed that Poland, though she still kept a king, called herself a republic no less than Venice. And whatever was taken from the king went to the gain of the noble order. But the nobility of a large country, even though used to act politically as an order, could never put on that orderly and legal character which distinguishes the true civic patriciates. It never could come so nearly as a civic patriciate could to being something like the rule of the best in any sense of those words. The tendency of modern times has been towards the breaking down of formal hereditary privileges. In modern commonwealths, above all, they have been thought to be essentially inconsistent with republican institutions. The truth of the See also:matter is rather that the circumstances of most modern commonwealths have been unfavourable to the preservation, and still more to the growth, of privileged bodies. Where they existed, as in See also:Switzerland; they have been overthrown. Where they did not exist, as in' See also:America, everything has made it more and more impossible that they should arise. And, as modern changes have commonly attacked the power both of See also:kings and of nobles, the common notion has come that kingship and nobility have some necessary connexion. It has seemed as if any form of nobility was inconsistent with a republican form of government, while nobility, in some shape or other, has come to be looked on as a natural, if not a necessary, appendage to a monarchy. And as far as regards the social side of kingship this is true. A court seems more natural where a See also:chain of degrees leads gradually up from the lowest subject to the See also:throne than when all beneath the throne are nearly on a level. And from one point of view, that from which the kingly house is but the noblest of the noble, kingship and nobility are closely allied. But in the more strictly crown, even if of quite humble origin, are " commanded " to court functions with their husbands. The strictness of the principle of admission or exclusion differs at the various German courts, and has tended to be modified by the growth of a new aristocracy of wealth ; but a single instance known to the See also:present writer may serve to illustrate the fundamental divergence,of German (a fortiori See also:Austrian) ideas from English in this matter. A wealthy publisher of See also:European reputation attended the court of his native See also:town, the See also:capital of a small See also:grand-duchy, in virtue of the honorary See also:title Hofrat; his wife, not being noble, did not accompany him. His See also:elder daughter married a See also:cabinet See also:minister, but, as he was not a noble, this did not confer on her the right to go to court. His younger daughter married a subaltern in a line See also:regiment, belonging to the lesser nobility; as ennobled by marriage (according to the liberal rule of this particular court), she was duly " presented."—W. A. P. political view monarchy and nobility are strongly opposed. Even the modified form of See also:absolute monarchy which has existed in some Western countries, while it preserves, perhaps even strengthens, the social position of a nobility, destroys its political power. Under the fully-developed despotisms of the See also:East a real nobility is impossible; the prince raises and thrusts down as he pleases. It is only in a commonwealth that a nobility can really rule; that is, it is only in a commonwealth that the nobility can really be an aristocracy. And even in a democratic common-wealth the sentiment of nobility may exist, though all legal privilege has been abolished or has never existed. That is to say, traditional feeling may give the members of certain families a strong preference, to say the least, in election to office. We have seen that this was the case at Athens; it was largely the case in the democratic cantons of Switzerland; indeed the nobility of Rome itself, after the privileges of the patricians were abolished, rested on no other See also:foundation. (E. A. F.) AuTxoRITIEs.—See also:Selden's Titles of Honor (See also:London, 1672) remains the best See also:comparative account in the English language of the nobility of various countries a to his date. For England see E. P. See also:Shirley, Noble and Gentle Men (186o) ; See also:Gneist, Adel and Ritierschaft in England (See also:Berlin, 1853); See also:Sir See also:George Sitwell, " The English Gentleman," in the Ancestor (No. 1, See also:April 1902); and J. H. Round's See also:works, passim. A. C. See also:Fox-See also:Davies's Armorial Families (See also:Edinburgh, 1895, and subsequent See also:editions) represents an unhistorical attempt to create the idea of a noblesse in the United Kingdom. For the origin and growth of the nobility in France, see A. See also:Luchaire, See also:Manuel See also:des institutions francaises (Paris, 1892), and P. Guilhiermoz, Essai sur l'origine de la noblesse en France au mo7en See also:ace (1902); for their later status and privileges, A. de See also:Tocqueville, L Ancien Regime et le Revolution (1856 $.), and H. A. See also:Taine, See also:Les Origines de la France contemporaine, pt. i., L'Ancien Regime (1875 ff.). For the German and Austrian nobility, see v. Strantz, Gesch, des deutschen Adels (2nd ed., See also:Waldenburg, 1851) ; von See also:Maurer, Ober des Wesen des Wes/en Adels der deutschen Stamme (See also:Munich, 1846); Rose, Der Adel Deutschlands and See also:seine Stellung See also:im deutschen Reich (Berlin, 1883) ; G. See also:Meyer, Lehrbuch des deutschen Staatsrechts (5th ed., See also:Leipzig, 1899), and the See also:Gotha Genealogische Taschenbucher. For the Italian nobility see the eight magnificent See also:folio volumes of See also:Count Pompeo Litta, Celebri famiglie italiane, continued by various editors (See also:Milan, 1819–1907); for See also:Spanish, See also:Fernandez de See also:Bethencourt, Hist. genealogica, t. i.-vii. (1897-1907). The authoritative See also:manual for the royal houses and the " higher nobility " of Europe is the Alnianach de Gotha, published yearly. See also the articles TITLES OF HONOUR, PEERAGE, FEUDAL-ISM, GENTLEMAN, DUKE, COUNT, &C. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
» Add information or comments to this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML. Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide. |
|
|
[back] NOBILIOR, MARCUS FULVIUS |
[next] NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- ) |