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See also:TOCQUEVILLE, See also:ALEXIS See also:HENRI See also:CHARLES See also:MAURICE CLEREL, See also:COMTE DE (1805-18J9) , was See also:born at See also:Verneuil on the 29th of See also:July 18o5. His See also:family on the See also:father's See also:side were of See also:good descent, and distinguished both in the See also:law and in arms, while his See also:mother was the granddaughter of See also:Malesherbes. Alexis de Tocqueville was brought up for the See also:bar, or rather for the See also:bench, and became an assistant See also:magistrate in 183o. A See also:year later he obtained from the See also:government of July a See also:mission to examine prisons and penitentiaries in See also:America, and proceeded thither with his See also:life-See also:long friend Gustave de See also:Beaumont. He returned in less than two years, and published a See also:report, but the real result of his tour was the famous De la Democralie en Amerique, which appeared in 1835, and very soon made his reputation (3rd ed. 186S). It was at once caught up by influential members of the Liberal party in See also:England, which See also:country Tocqueville soon after visited, and where he married an Englishwoman. Returning to See also:France, he was elected a mefnber of the Academie See also:des sciences morales et politiques (See also:Jan. 6, 1838), and beginning life as a country See also:gentleman at Tocqueville, he thought to carry out the See also:English ideal completely by See also:standing for the chamber of deputies. But, with a See also:scruple which illustrated his See also:character, he refused government nomination from See also:mole, and was defeated. Later he was successful, and sat for several years both beforeand after the revolution of See also:February, becoming in 1849 See also:vice-See also:president of the See also:assembly, and for a few months' See also:minister of See also:foreign affairs. He was a warm supporter of the See also:Roman expedition, but an equally warm opponent of See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis Napoleiin; and after being one of the deputies who were arrested at the coitp d'etrt he retired from public life. Twenty years after his 'first, he produced another See also:book, De l'Ancien regime, which almost', if not quite, equalled its success. His See also:health was never very strong, and in 1858 he See also:broke a See also:blood-See also:vessel. He was ordered to 'the See also:south, and, taking up his See also:residence at See also:Cannes, died there on the 16th of See also:April 1859. He had published some See also:minor pieces during his lifetime, and his See also:complete See also:works, including much unpublished See also:correspondence, were produced after his See also:death in See also:uniform shape by H. G. de Beaumont (Euvres completes de Tocqueville, 9 vols., 186o-1865).
During the last twenty years of his life, and for perhaps See also:half that See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time after his death, Tocqueville had an increasing See also:European fame. His manner, which is partly imitated from See also:Montesquieu, has considerable See also:charm; and he was the first and has remained the See also:chief writer to put the orthodox liberal ideas which governed European politics during the first half or two-thirds of the 19th See also:century into an orderly and attractive shape. He was, moreover, as has been said, much taken up by influential persons in Eng-•See also:land—N. W. See also:Senior, See also:John See also:Stuart See also:- MILL
- MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
- MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
- MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
- MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)
Mill and others—and he had the See also:great See also:advantage of See also:writing absolutely the first book of reasoned politics on democratic government in America. Besides, he was, if not an entirely impartial writer, neither a devotee nor an opponent of See also:democracy. All this gave him a very great advantage which he has not yet wholly lost. At the same time he had defects which were certain to make themselves See also:felt as time went on, even without the alteration of the centre of liberal See also:opinion which has taken See also:place of See also:late years. The chief of these was a certain weakness which can hardly be described by any word more dignified than priggishness." His correspondence with mole, above alluded to, is an instance of this, and it was also reflected on in various epigrams by countrymen and contemporaries; one of these accuses him of having " begun to think before he had begun to learn," while another declares that he avail See also:fair de savoir de toute eternite ce qu'il venait d'apprendre. He appears both in See also:reading See also:history and in conducting actual See also:political business to have been constantly surprised and disgusted that men and nations did not behave as he expected them to behave. This excess of the deductive spirit explains at once both the merits and the defects of his two great works, which will probably remain political See also:classics, though they are less and less likely to be used as See also:practical guides.
See Heinrich Jacques, Alexis de Tocqueville; ei.n Lebens- and Geistesbild (See also:Vienna, 1876) ; See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James See also:Bryce, The Predictions of Tocqueville (See also:Baltimore, 1887) ; See also:Count de Puymaigre, See also:Les Souvenirs d'Alexis de Tocqueville (1893); and Correspondance entre Alexis de Tocqueville et See also:Arthur de Gobineau (1908).
End of Article: TOCQUEVILLE, ALEXIS HENRI CHARLES MAURICE CLEREL, COMTE DE (1805-18J9)
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