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See also:MAURICE (1521–1553) , elector of See also:Saxony, See also:elder son of See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry, See also:duke of Saxony, belonging to the Albertine See also:branch of the See also:Wettin See also:family, was See also:born at See also:Freiberg on the 21st of See also:March 1521. In See also:January 1 541 he married See also:Agnes, daughter of See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip, See also:landgrave of See also:Hesse. In that See also:year he became duke of Saxony by his See also:father's See also:death, and he continued Henry's See also:work in forwarding the progress of the See also:Reformation. Duke Henry had decreed that his lands should be divided between his two sons, but as a See also:partition was regarded as undesirable the whole of the duchy came to his elder son. Maurice, however, made generous See also:provision for his See also:brother See also:Augustus, and the See also:desire to compensate him still further was one of the See also:minor threads of his subsequent policy. In 1542 he assisted the See also:emperor See also:Charles V. against the See also:Turks, in 1J43 against See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William, duke of See also:Cleves, and in 1544 against the See also:French; but his ambition soon took a wider range. The harmonious relations which subsisted between the two branches of the Wettins were disturbed by the interference of Maurice in Cleves, a proceeding distasteful to the Saxon elector, See also:John See also:Frederick; and a dispute over the bishopric of See also:Meissen having widened the See also:breach, See also:war was only averted by the See also:mediation of Philip of Hesse and See also:Luther. About this See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time Maurice seized the See also:idea of securing for himself the electoral dignity held by John Frederick, and his opportunity came when Charles was preparing to attack the See also:league of See also:Schmalkalden. Although educated as a Lutheran, religious questions had never seriously appealed to Maurice. As a youth he had joined the league of Schmalkalden, but this See also:adhesion, as well as his subsequent See also:declaration to stand by the See also:confession of See also:Augsburg, cannot be regarded as the decision of his maturer years. In See also:June 1546 he took a decided step by making a See also:secret agreement with Charles at See also:Regensburg. Maurice was promised some rights over the archbishopric of See also:Magdeburg and the bishopric of See also:Halberstadt; See also:immunity, in See also:part at least, for his subjects from the Tridentine decrees; and the question of transferring the electoral dignity was discussed. In return the duke probably agreed to aid Charles in his proposed attack on the league as soon as he could gain the consent of the Saxon estates, or at all events to remain neutral during the impending war. The struggle began in See also:July 1546, and in See also:October Maurice declared war against John Frederick. He secured the formal consent of Charles to the See also:transfer of the electoral dignity and took the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field in See also:November. He had gained a few successes when John Frederick hastened from See also:south See also:Germany to defend his dominions. Maurice's ally, See also:Albert
See also:Alcibiades, See also:prince of See also:Bayreuth, was taken prisoner at Rochlitz; and the duke, driven from electoral Saxony, was unable to prevent his own lands from being overrun. Salvation, however, was at See also:hand. Marching against John Frederick, Charles V., aided by Maurice, gained a decisive victory at Miihlberg in See also:April 1547, after which by the See also:capitulation of See also:Wittenberg John Frederick renounced the electoral dignity in favour of Maurice, who also obtained a large part of his kinsman's lands. The formal See also:investiture of the new elector took See also:place at Augsburg in See also:February 1548.
The plans of Maurice soon took a See also:form less agreeable to the emperor. The continued imprisonment of his father-in-See also:law, Philip of Hesse, whom he had induced to surrender to Charles and whose freedom he had guaranteed, was neither his greatest nor his only cause of complaint. The emperor had refused to See also:complete the humiliation of the family of John Frederick; he had embarked upon a course of See also:action which boded danger to the elector's Lutheran subjects, and his increased See also:power was a menace to the position of Maurice. Assuring Charles of his continued See also:loyalty, the elector entered into negotiations with the discontented See also:Protestant princes. An event happened which gave him a See also:base of operations, and enabled him to See also:mask his schemes against the emperor. In 1550 he had been entrusted with the See also:execution of the imperial See also:ban against the See also:city of Magdeburg, and under See also:cover of these operations he was able to collect troops and to See also:concert See also:measures with his See also:allies. Favour-able terms were granted to Magdeburg, which surrendered and remained in the power of Maurice, and in January 1552 a treaty was concluded with Henry II. of See also:France at See also:Chambord. Mean-while Maurice had refused to recognize the See also:Interim issued from Augsburg in May 1548 as binding on Saxony; but a See also:compromise was arranged on the basis of which the See also:Leipzig Interim was See also:drawn up for his lands. It is uncertain how far Charles was ignorant of the elector's preparations, but certainly he was unprepared for the attack made by Maurice and his allies in March 1552. Augsburg was taken, the pass of See also:Ehrenberg was forced, and in a few days the emperor See also:left See also:Innsbruck as a fugitive. See also:Ferdinand undertook to make See also:peace, and the Treaty of See also:Passau, signed in See also:August 1552, was the result. Maurice obtained a See also:general See also:amnesty and freedom for Philip of Hesse, but was unable to obtain a perpetual religious peace for the See also:Lutherans. Charles stubbornly insisted that this question must be referred to the See also:Diet, and Maurice was obliged to give way. He then fought against the Turks, and renewed his communications with Henry of France. Returning from See also:Hungary the elector placed himself at the See also:head of the princes who were seeking to check the career of his former ally, Albert Alcibiades, whose depredations were making him a curse to Germany. The See also:rival armies met at Sievershausen on the 9th of July 1553, where after a fierce encounter Albert was defeated. The See also:victor, however, was wounded during the fight and died two days later.
Maurice was a friend to learning, and devoted some of the secularized See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church See also:property to the See also:advancement of See also:education. Very different estimates have been formed of his See also:character. He has been represented as the saviour of See also:German Protestantism on the one hand, and on the other as a traitor to his faith and See also:country. In all See also:probability he was neither the one nor the other, but a See also:man of See also:great ambition who, indifferent to religious considerations, made See also:good use of the exigencies of the time. He was generous and enlightened, a good soldier and a See also:clever diplomatist. He left an only daughter See also:Anna (d. 1577), who became the second wife of William the Silent, prince of See also:Orange.
The elector's Politische Korrespondenz has been edited by E. See also:Brandenburg (Leipzig, 1900—1904) ; and a See also:sketch of him is given by See also:Roger See also:Ascham in A See also:Report and Discourse of the Affairs and See also:State of Germany (See also:London, 1864—1865). See also F. A. von Langenn, See also:Moritz See also:Herzog and Churfiirst zu Sachsen (Leipzig, 1841); G. Voigt, Moritz von Sachsen (Leipzig, 1876) ; E. Brandenburg, Moritz von Sachsen (Leipzig, 1898); S. Issleib, Moritz von Sachsen als protestantischer See also:Furst (See also:Hamburg, 1898) ; J. Witter, See also:Die Beziehung and der Verkehr See also:des Kurfursten Moritz mit See also:Konig Ferdinand (See also:Jena, 1886); L. von See also:Ranke, Deutsche Geschichte See also:im Zeitalter der Reformation, Bde. IV. and V. (Leipzig, 1882); and W. See also:Maurenbrecher in the Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, Bd. XXII. (Leipzig, 1885). For
bibliography see Maurenbrecher; and The See also:Cambridge See also:Modern See also:History, vol. ii. (Cambridge, 1903).
End of Article: MAURICE (1521–1553)
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