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INNSBRUCK

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Originally appearing in Volume V14, Page 584 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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INNSBRUCK , the See also:

capital of the See also:Austrian See also:province of See also:Tirol, and one of the most beautifully situated towns in See also:Europe. In 1900 the See also:population was 26,866 (with a See also:garrison of about 2000 men), mainly See also:German-speaking and Romanist. Built at a height of 188o ft., in a wide See also:plain formed by the See also:middle valley of the See also:Inn and on the right See also:bank of that See also:river, it is surrounded by lofty mountains that seem to overhang the See also:town. It occupies a strong military position (its commercial and See also:industrial importance is now but secondary) at the junction of the See also:great See also:highway from See also:Germany to See also:Italy over the See also:Brenner Pass, by which it is by See also:rail 1092 M. from See also:Munich and 1742 M. from See also:Verona, with that from See also:Bregenz in the See also:Vorarlberg, distant 122 m., by rail under the Arlberg Pass. It takes its name from its position, See also:close to the See also:chief See also:bridge over the Inn. It is the seat of the supreme judicial See also:court of the Tirol, the See also:Diet of which meets in the Landhaus. The streets are broad, there are several open places and the houses are handsome, many of those in the old town dating from the 17th and 18th centuries, and being adorned with frescoes, while the arcades beneath are used as shops. The See also:principal See also:monument is the Franciscan or Court See also:church (1553.-1563). In it is the magnificent 16th-See also:century See also:cenotaph (his See also:body is elsewhere) of the See also:emperor See also:Maximilian (d. 1519), who, as See also:count of the Tirol from 1490 onwards, was much beloved by his subjects. It represents the emperor kneeling in See also:prayer on a gigantic See also:marble See also:sarcophagus, surrounded by twenty-eight See also:colossal See also:bronze statues of mourners, of which twenty-three figure ancestors, relatives or contemporaries of Maximilian, while five represent his favourite heroes of antiquity—among these five are the two finest statues (both by See also:Peter See also:Vischer of See also:Nuremberg), those of See also:King See also:Arthur of See also:Britain and of See also:Theodoric, the Ostrogothic king. On the sides of the sarcophagus are twenty-four marble reliefs, depicting the principal events hi the See also:life of Maximilian, nearly all by See also:Alexander See also:Colin of See also:Malines, while the See also:general See also:design of the whole monument is attributed to Gilg Sesselschreiber, the court painter.

In one of the aisles of the same church is the See also:

Silver See also:Chapel, so called from a silver Madonna and silver bas-reliefs on the See also:altar; it contains the tombs of See also:Archduke See also:Ferdinand, count of the Tirol (d. 1595) and his non-royal wife, Philippine See also:Welser of See also:Augsburg (d. 158o), whose happy married life spent close by is one of the most romantic episodes in Tirolese See also:history. In the other See also:aisle are the tombs, with monuments, of the heroes of the See also:War of See also:Independence of 1809, See also:Hofer, Haspinger and Speckbacher. It was in this church, that See also:Queen See also:Christina of See also:Sweden, daughter of Gustavus See also:Adolphus, on to enumerate the several See also:societies, fourteen in number, then existing, corresponding nearly with those recognized in the See also:present See also:day, of which the Inns of Court, properly so-called, are and always have been four, namely See also:Lincoln's Inn, the Inner See also:Temple, the Middle Temple and See also:Gray's Inn; To these were originally attached as subordinate Inns of See also:Chancery, Furnival's Inn, Thavie's Inn (to Lincoln's Inn), See also:Clifford's Inn, See also:Clement's Inn (to the Inner Temple), New Inn (to the Middle Temple), See also:Staple's Inn, See also:Barnard's Inn (to Gray's Inn), but they were cut adrift by the older Inns and by the middle of the 18th century had ceased to have any legal See also:character (vide infra). In addition to these may be specified See also:Serjeant's Inn, a society composed solely of serjeants-at-See also:law, which ceased to exist in 1877. Besides the Inns of Chancery above enumerated, there were others, such as See also:Lyon's Inn, which was pulled down in 1868, and See also:Scrope's Inn and See also:Chester or Strand Inn, spoken of by See also:Stow, which have See also:long been removed, and the societies to which they belonged have disappeared. The four Inns of Court stand on a footing of See also:complete equality, no priority being conceded to or claimed by one inn over another. Their jurisdictions and privileges are equal, and upon affairs of See also:common See also:interest the benchers of the four inns meet in See also:conference. From the earliest times there has been an interchange of fellowship between the four houses; nevertheless the Middle Temple and Lincoln's Inn, and the Inner Temple and Gray's Inn, have maintained a closer See also:alliance. The members of an Inn of Court consist of benchers, barristers and students. The benchers are the See also:senior members of the society, who are invested with the See also:government of the body to which they belong.

They are more formally designated " masters of the See also:

bench," are self-elected and unrestricted as to See also:numbers. Usually a member of an inn, on attaining the See also:rank of king's counsel, is invited to the bench. Other members of long See also:standing are also occasionally chosen, but no member by becoming a king's counsel or by seniority of standing acquires the right of being nominated a bencher. The benchers vary in number from twenty in Gray's Inn to seventy and upwards in Lincoln's Inn and the Inner Temple. The See also:powers of the benchers are practically without limit within their respective societies; their duties, however, are restricted to the superintendence and management of the concerns of the inn, the See also:admission of candidates as students, the calling of them to the See also:bar and the exercise of discipline generally over the members. The meetings of the benchers are variously denominated a " See also:parliament " in the Inner and Middle Temples, a " See also:pension " in Gray's Inn and a " See also:council " in Lincoln's Inn. The See also:judges of the See also:superior courts are the visitors of the inns, and to them alone can an See also:appeal be had when either of the societies refuses to See also:call a member to the bar, or to reinstate in his privileges a See also:barrister who has been disbarred for misconduct. The presiding or chief officer is the treasurer, one of the benchers, who is elected annually to that dignity. Other benchers fulfil the duties of See also:master of the library, master of the walks or gardens, See also:dean of the chapel and so forth, while others are readers, whose functions are referred to below. The usages of the different inns varied somewhat formerly in regard both to the See also:term of probationary studentship enforced and to the See also:procedure involved in a " call " to the bar by which the student is converted into the barrister. In the present day the entrance examination, the course of study and the See also:examinations to be passed on the completion of the curriculum are identical and common to all' the inns (see See also:ENGLISH LAW). When once called to the bar, no hindrance beyond professional See also:etiquette limits a barrister's freedom of See also:action; so also members may on application to the benchers, and on See also:payment of arrears of dues (if any), leave the society to which they belong, and thus cease altogether to be members of the bar likewise.

A member of an Inn of Court retains his name on the lists of his inn for life by means of a small See also:

annual payment varying from L1 to LS. which at one or two of the inns is compounded for by a fixed sum taken at the call to the bar. The ceremony of the " call " varies in detail at the different inns. It takes See also:place after See also:dinner (before dinner at the Middie Temple, which is the only inn at which students are called in abjured Protestantism, in 16J5. There are also several other churches and convents, among the latter the first founded (1593) in Germany by the See also:Capuchins. The university of Innsbruck was formally founded in 1677, and refounded (after two periods of suspension, 1782-1792 and 1810-1826) in 1826. It is attended by about l000 students and has a large See also:staff of professors, the theological See also:faculty being controlled by the See also:Jesuits. It has a library of 176,000 books, and 1049 See also:MSS. The University or Jesuit church See also:dates from the See also:early 17th century. The Ferdinandeum is the provincial museum (founded in 1823, though the present See also:building is later). The See also:house known as the Goldne Dachl has its roof covered with gilded See also:copper tiles; it was built about 1425, by See also:Frederick, count of the Tirol, nicknamed " with the empty pockets," but the See also:balcony and gilded roof were added in 1500 by the emperor Maximilian. Among the other monuments of Innsbruck may he mentioned the See also:Pillar of St See also:Anne, erected in 1706 to commemorate the repulse of the See also:French and the Bavarians in 1703; the Triumphal See also:Arch, built in 1765, on the occasion of the See also:marriage of the future emperor See also:Leopold II. with the Infanta Maria Louisa of See also:Spain; and a See also:fountain, with a bronze statue of Archduke Leopold V., set up in 1863-1877, in memory of the five-hundredth anniversary of the See also:union of the Tirol with See also:Austria. The See also:Roman station of Veldidena was succeeded by the Premonstratensian See also:abbey of Wilten, both serving to guard the important strategical bridge over the Inn.

In 118o the count of Andechs (the See also:

local See also:lord) moved the See also:market-place over to the right bank of the river (where is the See also:convent), and in 1187 we first hear of the town by its present name. Between 1233 and 1235 it was fortified, and a See also:castle built for the lord. But it was only about 1420 that Archduke Frederick IV. (" with the empty pockets ") built himself a new castle in Innsbruck, which then replaced See also:Meran as the capital of Tirol. The See also:county of Tirol was generally held by a See also:cadet See also:line of the Austrian house, the count being almost an See also:independent ruler. But the last princeling of this See also:kind died in 1665, since which date Innsbruck and Tirol have been governed from See also:Vienna. In 1552 See also:Maurice of See also:Saxony surprised and nearly took Innsbruck, almost capturing the emperor See also:Charles V. himself, who escaped owing to a See also:mutiny among Maurice's troops. In the patriotic war of 1809, Innsbruck played a great See also:part and suffered much, while in 1848, at the See also:time of the revolution in Vienna, it joyfully received the emperor Ferdinand. (W. A. B.

End of Article: INNSBRUCK

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