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See also:- GRAY
- GRAY (or GREY), WALTER DE (d. 1255)
- GRAY, ASA (1810-1888)
- GRAY, DAVID (1838-1861)
- GRAY, ELISHA (1835-1901)
- GRAY, HENRY PETERS (1819-18/7)
- GRAY, HORACE (1828–1902)
- GRAY, JOHN DE (d. 1214)
- GRAY, JOHN EDWARD (1800–1875)
- GRAY, PATRICK GRAY, 6TH BARON (d. 1612)
- GRAY, ROBERT (1809-1872)
- GRAY, SIR THOMAS (d. c. 1369)
- GRAY, THOMAS (1716-1771)
GRAY, See also:ASA (1810-1888) , See also:American botanist, was See also:born at See also:Paris, See also:Oneida See also:county, N.Y., on the 18th of See also:November 1810. He was the son of a See also:farmer, and received no formal See also:education except at the See also:Fairfield (N.Y.) See also:academy and the Fairfield medical school. From Dr See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James See also:Hadley, the See also:professor of See also:chemistry and materia medica he obtained his first instruction in See also:science (1825-1826). In the See also:spring of 1827 he first began to collect and identify See also:plants. His formal education, such as it was, ended in See also:February 1831, when he took the degree of M.D. His first contribution to descriptive See also:botany appeared in 1835, and thereafter an uninterrupted See also:series of contributions to systematic botany flowed from his See also:pen for fifty-three years. In 1836 his first botanical See also:text-See also:book appeared under the See also:title Elements of Botany, followed in 1839 by his Botanical Text-Book for Colleges, See also:Schools, and Private Students which See also:developed into his Structural Botany. He published later First Lessons in Botany and See also:Vegetable See also:Physiology (18J7); How Plants Grow (1858) ; See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
Field, See also:Forest, and See also:Garden Botany (1869); How Plants Behave (1872). These books served the purpose of developing popular See also:interest in botanical studies. His most important See also:work, however, was his See also:Manual of the Botany of the See also:Northern See also:United States, the first edition of which appeared in 1847. This manual has passed through a large number of See also:editions, is clear, accurate and compact to an extraordinary degree, and within its See also:geographical limits is an indispensable book for the student of American botany.
Throughout his See also:life Gray was a diligent writer of reviews of books on natural See also:history subjects. Often these reviews were elaborate essays, for which the books served merely as texts; often they were clear and just summaries of extensive See also:works; sometimes they were sharply See also:critical, though never See also:ill-natured or unfair; always they were interesting, lively and of See also:literary as well as scientific excellence. The greater See also:part of Gray's strictly scientific labour was devoted to a See also:Flora of See also:North See also:America, the See also:plan of which originated with his See also:early teacher and See also:associate, See also:John See also:Torrey of New See also:York. The second See also:volume of Torrey and Gray's Flora was completed in 1843; but for See also:forty years there-after Gray gave up a large part of his See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time to the preparation of his Synoptical Flora (1878). He lived at the See also:period when the flora of North America was being discovered, described and systematized; and his enthusiastic labours in this fresh field placed him at the See also:head of American botanists and on a level with the most famous botanists of the See also:world. In 1856 he published a See also:paper on the See also:distribution of plants under the title See also:Statistics of the Flora of the Northern United States; and this paper was followed in 1859 by a memoir on the botany of See also:Japan and its relations to that of North America, a paper of which See also:Sir J. D. See also:- HOOKER, JOSEPH (1814–1879)
- HOOKER, RICHARD (1553-1600)
- HOOKER, SIR JOSEPH DALTON (1817— English botanist and traveller, second son of the famous botanist Sir W.J.Hooker, was born on the 3oth of June 1817, at Halesworth, Suffolk. He was educated at Glasgow University, and almost immediately after taking his M.
- HOOKER, SIR WILLIAM JACKSON (1785–1865)
- HOOKER, THOMAS (1586–1647)
Hooker said that " in point of originality and far-reaching results lit] was its author's See also:opus magnum." It was Gray's study of plant distribution which led to his intimate See also:correspondence with See also:Charles See also:Darwin during the years in which Darwin was elaborating the doctrines that later became known as Darwinism. From
1855 to 1875 Gray was both a keen critic and a sympathetic exponent of the Darwinian principles. His religious views were those of the Evangelical bodies in the See also:Protestant See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church; so that, when Darwinism was attacked as See also:equivalent to See also:atheism, he was in position to See also:answer effectively the unfounded allegation that it was fatal to the See also:doctrine of See also:design. He taught that " the most puzzling things of all to the old-school teleologists are the principia of the Darwinian." He openly avowed his conviction that the See also:present See also:species are not See also:special creations, but rather derived from previously existing species; and he made his avowal with See also:frank courage, when this truth was scarcely recog ` nized by any naturalists, and when to the clerical mind See also:evolution meant atheism.
In 1842 Gray accepted the See also:Fisher professorship of natural history in Harvard University. On his See also:accession to this See also:chair the university had no See also:herbarium, no botanical library, few plants of any value, and but a small garden, which for lack of See also:money had never been well stocked or well arranged. He soon broughttogether, chiefly by widespread exchanges, a valuable herbarium and library, and arranged the garden; and thereafter the development of these botanical resources was part of his See also:regular labours. The herbarium soon became the largest and most valuable in America, and on See also:account of the numerous type specimens it contains it is likely to remain a collection of See also:national importance. Nothing of what Gray did for the botanical See also:department of the university has been lost; on the contrary, his labours were so well directed that everything he originated and developed has been enlarged, improved and placed on See also:stable See also:foundations. He himself made large contributions to the See also:establishment by giving it all his own specimens, many books and no little money, and by his will he gave it the royalties on his books. During his See also:long connexion with the university he brought up two generations of botanists and he always took a strong See also:personal interest in the researches and the personal prospects of the See also:young men who had studied under him. His scientific life was mainly spent in the herbarium and garden in See also:Cambridge; but his labours there were relieved by numerous journeys to different parts of the United States and to See also:Europe, all of which contributed to his work on the Synoptical Flora. He lived to a See also:good See also:age—long enough, indeed, to receive from learned See also:societies at See also:home and abroad abundant See also:evidence of their profound respect for his attainments and services. He died at Cambridge, See also:Mass., on the 3oth of See also:January 1888.
His Letters (1893) were edited by his wife; and his Scientific Papers (1888) by C. S. See also:Sargent. (C. W.
End of Article: GRAY, ASA (1810-1888)
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