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Israel, little is recorded with the exception of some religious reforms and conflicts with the first-named. Baasha succeeded in fortifying Ramah (er-See also:

Ram), 5 M. See also:

north of See also:

Jerusalem, and Asa was compelled to use the See also:

RESIDUE (through the French, from the Lat. residuum, a remainder, from residere, to remain)

residue of the See also:

temple-funds (cf. Kings xiv. 26) to bribe the king of See also:

DAMASCUS

Damascus to renounce his See also:

LEAGUE

league with Baasha and attack Israel. See also:

Galilee was invaded and Baasha was forced to return; the See also:

BUILDING

building material which he had collected at Ramah being used by Asa to fortify Geba, and See also:

MIZPAH, or MIZPEH

Mizpah to the immediate north of Jerusalem. The See also:

BOOK

Book of See also:

CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

Chronicles relates a See also:

story of a sensational defeat of Zerah the " Cushite," and a See also:

GREAT

great religious revival in which Judah and Israel took See also:

PART

part (2 Chron. xiv.—xv. 15) (see CHRONICLES). Asa was succeeded by his son See also:

JEHOSHAPHAT (Heb. " Yahweh judges ")

Jehoshaphat. " Cushite " may designate an Ethiopian or, more probably, an Arabian (See also:

CUSH

Cush, the " See also:

FATHER

father " of the See also:

SABAEANS

Sabaeans, Gen. x. 7).

" If by Zerah the Ethiopian or Sabaean See also:

prince be meant, the only real difficulty of the narrative is removed. No king Zerah of See also:

ETHIOPIA, or AETHIOPIA (Gr. AlOtoaia)

Ethiopia is known at this See also:

period, nor does there seem to be See also:

ROOM

room for such a See also:

PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person " (W. E. See also:

Barnes, See also:

Cambridge Bible, Chronicles, p. xxxi.). The See also:

IDENTIFICATION (Lat. idem, the same)

identification with Osorkon I. or II. is scarcely tenable considering Asa's weakness; but inroads by See also:

DESERT

desert hordes frequently troubled Judah, and if the tradition be correct in locating the See also:

BATTLE

battle at Mareshah it is probable that the invaders were in league with the See also:

PHILISTINE

Philistine towns. Similar situations recur in the reigns of See also:

AHAZ (Heb. for "[Yahweh] holds ")

Ahaz and See also:

JEHORAM, or JORAM (Heb. " Yah[weh] is high ")

jehoram. See also See also:

WELLHAUSEN, JULIUS (1844— )

Wellhausen, Prolegomena, 208; S. A. See also:

Cook, Expositor (See also:

JUNE

June 1906), p. 540 sq. (S. A.

C.) ASAFETIDA (asa, See also:

Lat. See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form of See also:

Persian aza = See also:

MASTIC, or MASTICH (Gr. µao-rixrt, probably connected with µaoavOai, to chew, since mastic is used in the East as a chewing gum)

mastic, and fetidus, stinking, so called in distinction to asa dulcis, which was a See also:

drug highly esteemed among the ancients as laser cyrenaicum, and is supposed to have been a gummy exudation from Thapsis garganica), a See also:

GUM (Fr. gomme, Lat. gommi, Gr. Kµµ1, possibly a Coptic word; distinguish " gum," the fleshy covering of the base of a tooth, in O. Eng. gbma, palate, cf. Ger. Gaumen, roof of the mouth; the ultimate origin is probably the root gha, to open wide, seen in

gum-See also:

RESIN (through O.Fr. resine, modern reline, from Lat. resina, prcbably Latinized from Greek Pirivrt, resin)

resin obtained principally from the See also:

root of Ferula fetida, and probably also from one or two other closely allied See also:

SPECIES

species of umbelliferous See also:

PLANTS

plants. It is produced in eastern See also:

PERSIA

Persia and See also:

AFGHANISTAN

Afghanistan, See also:

HERAT

Herat and See also:

KANDAHAR

Kandahar being centres of the See also:

trade. Ferula fetida grows to a height of from 5 to 6 ft., and when the plant has attained the See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of four years it is ready for yielding asafetida. The stems are cut down See also:

close to the root, and the juice flows out, at first of a milky See also:

APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, but quickly setting into a solid resinous See also:

mass. Fresh incisions are made as long as the See also:

sap continues to flow, a period which varies according to the See also:

SIZE

size and strength of the plant. A freshly-exposed See also:

SURFACE

surface of asafetida has a translucent, pearly-See also:

white appearance, but it soon darkens in the See also:

air, becoming first See also:

PINK

pink and finally reddish-See also:

brown. In See also:

TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste it is acrid and See also:

BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter; but what peculiarly characterizes it is the strong alliaceous odour it emits, from which it has obtained the name asafetida, as well as its See also:

German name Teufelsdreck (See also:

DEVIL (Gr. &a,3oXos, " slanderer," from &ctflisXX sty, to slander)

devil's dung). Its odour is due to the presence of organic See also:

SULPHUR

sulphur compounds. Asafetida is found in See also:

commerce in " lump " or in " See also:

TEAR

tear," the latter being the purer form. Medicinally, asafetida is given in doses of 5 to 15 grains and acts as a stimulant to the intestinal and See also:

RESPIRATORY

respiratory tracts and to the See also:

NERVOUS

nervous See also:

SYSTEM

system. An enema containing it is useful in relieving flatus. It is sometimes useful in See also:

HYSTERIA

hysteria, which is essentially a lack of inhibitory See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, as its nasty properties induce sufficient inhibitory power to render its readministration superfluous.

It may also be used in an effervescing See also:

DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught in cases of malingering, the drug " repeating " in the mouth and making the malingering not See also:

worth while. The gum-resin is relished as a condiment in See also:

India and Persia, and is in demand in See also:

France for use in See also:

COOKERY (Lat. coquus, a cook)

cookery. In the regions of its growth the whole plant is used as a fresh See also:

VEGETABLE

vegetable, the: inner portion of the full-grown See also:

STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem being regarded as a luxury. ASAF-UD-DOWLAH, See also:

NAWAB

nawab See also:

WAZIR, or VIZIER (Arabic wazir)

wazir of Oudh from 1775 to 1797, was the son of Shuja-ud-Dowlah, his See also:

MOTHER

mother and grandmother being the begums of Oudh, whose spoliation formed one of the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

COUNTS

counts in the charges against See also:

Warren See also:

Hastings. When Shuja-ud-Dowlah died he See also:

LEFT

left two million pounds See also:

sterling buried in the vaults of the See also:

ZENANA (Persian zanana)

zenana. The widow and mother of the deceased prince claimed the whole of this treasure under the terms of a will which was never produced. When Warren Hastings pressed the nawab for the See also:

PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of See also:

DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt due to the See also:

COMPANY

Company, he obtained from his mother a See also:

LOAN (adapted from the Scandinavian form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Swed. Mn, Icel. lan, Dut. leen; the O.E. laen appears in " lend," the ultimate source is seen in the root of Gr. Xeiaecv and Lat. linquere, to leave)

loan of. 26 lakhs of rupees, for which he gave her a jagir of four times the value; he subsequently obtained 30 lakhs more in return for a full acquittal, and the recognition of her jagirs without interference for See also:

LIFE

life by the Company. These jagirs were afterwards confiscated on the ground of the begum's complicity in the rising of Chai Singh, which was attested by documentary See also:

EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence. The evidence now available seems to show that Warren Hastings did his best throughout to See also:

RESCUE (in Middle Eng. rescous, from O. Fr. recousse, Low Lat. rescussa, from reexcussa,reexcutere, to shake off again, re, again, ex, off, quatere, to shake)

rescue the nawab from his own incapacity, and was inclined to be lenient to the begums. See The See also:

ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

Administration of Warren Hastings, 1772-1785, by G. W.

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