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See also:HASTINGS, See also:FRANCIS RAWDON-HASTINGS, 1st See also:MARQUESS OF (1754-1826), See also:British soldier and See also:governor-See also:general of See also:India, See also:born on the 9th of See also:December 1754, was the son of See also:Sir See also:John Rawdon of Moira in the See also:county of Down, 4th See also:baronet, who was created See also:Baron Rawdon of Moira, and afterwards See also:earl of Moira, in the Irish See also:peerage. His See also:mother was the See also:Lady See also:Elizabeth Hastings, daughter of See also:Theophilus, 9th earl of See also:Huntingdon. See also:Lord Rawdon, as he was then called, was educated at See also:Harrow and See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford, and joined the See also:army in 1771 as See also:ensign in the 15th See also:foot. His See also:life henceforth was entirely spent in the service of his See also:country, and may be divided into four periods: from 1775 to
1782 he was engaged with much distinction in the See also:American See also:war; from 1783 to 1813 he held various high appointments at See also:home, and took an active See also:part in the business of the See also:House of Lords; from 1813 to 1823 was the See also:period of his labours in India; after retiring from which, in the last years of his life (1824-1826), he was governor of See also:Malta.
In See also:America Rawdon served at the battles of Bunker See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
Hill, See also:Brooklyn, See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
White Plains, See also:Monmouth and See also:Camden, at the attacks on Forts See also:Washington and See also:Clinton, and at the See also:siege of See also:Charleston. In fact he was engaged in many important operations of the war. Perhaps his most noted achievements were the raising of a See also:corps at See also:Philadelphia, called the Irish See also:Volunteers, who under him became famous for their fighting qualities, and the victory of Hobkirk's Hill, which, in command of only a small force, he gained by See also:superior military skill and determination against a much larger See also:body of Americans. In 1781 he was invalided. The See also:vessel in which he returned to See also:England was captured and carried into See also:Brest. He was speedily released, and on his arrival in England was much honoured by See also:George III., who created him an See also:English peer (Baron Rawdon) in See also:March 1783. In 1789 his mother succeeded to the See also:barony of Hastings, and Rawdon added the surname of Hastings to his own.
In 1793 Rawdon succeeded his See also:father as earl of Moira. In 1794 he was sent with 7000 men to See also:Ostend to reinforce the See also:duke of See also:York and the See also:allies in See also:Flanders. The march by which he effected a junction was considered extraordinary. In 18o3 he was appointed See also:commander-in-See also:chief in See also:Scotland, and in 1804 he married See also:Flora See also:Mure See also:- CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER (1788–1866)
- CAMPBELL, BEATRICE STELLA (Mrs PATRICK CAMPBELL) (1865– )
- CAMPBELL, GEORGE (1719–1796)
- CAMPBELL, JOHN
- CAMPBELL, JOHN (1708-1775)
- CAMPBELL, JOHN CAMPBELL, BARON (1779-1861)
- CAMPBELL, JOHN FRANCIS
- CAMPBELL, LEWIS (1830-1908)
- CAMPBELL, REGINALD JOHN (1867— )
- CAMPBELL, THOMAS (1777—1844)
Campbell, countess of See also:Loudoun in her own right. When See also:Fox and See also:Grenville came into See also:power in 18o6, Lord Moira, who had always voted with them, received the See also:place of See also:master-general of the See also:ordnance. He was now enabled to carry a philanthropic measure, of which from his first entry into the House of Lords he had been a See also:great See also:promoter, namely, the Debtor and Creditor See also:Bill for See also:relief of poor debtors. See also:Ireland was another subject to which he had given particular See also:attention: in 1797 there was published a Speech by Lord Moira on the Dreadful and Alarming See also:State of Ireland. Lord Moira's See also:sound See also:judgment on public affairs, combined with his military reputation and the uprightness of his See also:character, won for him a high position among the statesmen of the See also:day, and he gained an additional See also:prestige from his intimate relations with the See also:prince of See also:Wales. As a See also:mark of the See also:regent's regard Lord Moira received the See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order of the Garter in 1812, and in the same See also:year was appointed governor-general of See also:Bengal and commander-in-chief of the forces in India. He landed at See also:Calcutta, and assumed See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office in See also:succession to Lord See also:Minto in See also:October 1813. One of the chief questions which awaited him was that of relations with the See also:Gurkha state of See also:Nepal. The Gurkhas, a brave and warlike little nation, failing to extend their conquests in the direction of See also:China, had begun to encroach on territories held or protected by the See also:East India See also:Company; especially they had seized the districts of Batwal and Seoraj, in the See also:northern part of Oudh, and when called upon to relinquish these, they deliberately elected (See also:April 1814) to go to war rather than do so. Lord Moira, having travelled through the northern provinces and fully studied the question, declared war against Nepal (See also:November 1814). The enemy's frontier was 600 m. See also:long, and Lord Moira, who directed the See also:plan of the See also:campaign, resolved to See also:act offensively along the whole See also:line. It was an anxious under-taking, because the native states of India were all watching the issue and waiting for any serious See also:reverse to the English to join against them. At first all seemed to go badly, as the British See also:officers despised the enemy, and the sepoys were unaccustomed to See also:mountain warfare, and thus alternate extremes of rashness and despondency were exhibited. But this rectified itself in See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, especially through the achievements of General (afterwards Sir See also:David) See also:Ochterlony, who before the end of 1815 had taken all the Gurkha posts to the See also:west, and See also:early in 1816 was advancing victoriously within 5o m. of Khatmandu, the See also:capital. The Gurkhas now made See also:peace; they abandoned the disputed districts, ceded some territory to the British, and agreed to receive a British See also:resident. For his masterly conduct of these affairs Lord Moira was created marquess of Hastings in Febrpary 1817.
He had now to See also:deal with See also:internal dangers. A See also:combination of Mahratta See also:powers was constantly threatening the continuance of British See also:rule, under the See also:guise of plausible assurances severally given by the See also:peshwa, Sindhia, See also:Holkar and other princes. At the same time the existence of the Pindari state was not only dangerous to the British, as being a warlike power always ready to turn against them, but it was a See also:scourge to India itself. In 1816, however, the See also:Pindaris entered British territory in the Northern Circars, where they destroyed 339 villages. On this, permission was obtained to act for their suppression. Before the end of 1817 the preparations of Lord Hastings were completed, when the peshwa suddenly See also:broke into war, and the British were opposed at once to the Mahratta and Pindaripowers, estimated at 200,000 men and 500 guns.
Both were utterly shattered in a brief campaign of four months (1817-18). The peshwa's dominions were annexed, and those of Sindhia, Holkar, and the See also:raja of See also:Berar See also:lay at the See also:mercy of the governor-general, and were saved only by his moderation. Thus, after sixty years from the See also:battle of See also:Plassey, the supremacy of British power in India was effectively established. The Pindaris had ceased to exist, and peace and See also:security had been substituted for misery and terror.
" It is a proud phrase to use," said Lord Hastings, " but it is a true one, that we have bestowed blessings upon millions. Nothing can be more delightful than the reports I receive of the sensibility manifested by the inhabitants to this See also:change in their circumstances. The smallest detachment of our troops cannot pass through that See also:district without See also:- MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)
meeting everywhere eager and exulting gratulations, the See also:tone of which proves them to come from glowing See also:hearts. Multitudes of See also:people have, even in this See also:short See also:interval, come from the hills and fastnesses in which they had sought See also:refuge for years, and have reoccupied their See also:ancient deserted villages. The plough-See also:share is again in every See also:quarter turning up a See also:soil which had for many seasons never been stirred, except by the hoofs of predatory See also:cavalry." A
While the natives of India appreciated the results of Lord Hastings's achievements, the See also:court of See also:directors grumbled at his having extended British territory. They also disliked and opposed his See also:measures for introducing See also:education among the natives and his encouraging the freedom of the See also:press. In 18r9 he obtained the cession by See also:purchase of the See also:island of See also:Singapore. In See also:finance his See also:administration was very successful, as notwithstanding the expenses of his See also:wars he showed an See also:annual surplus of two millions See also:sterling. Brilliant and beneficent as his career had been, Lord Hastings did not See also:- ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli
escape unjust detraction. His last years of office were embittered by the discussions on a See also:matter notorious at the time, namely, the affairs of the banking-house of W. See also:Palmer and Company. The whole affair was mixed up with insinuations against Lord Hastings, especially charging him with having been actuated by favouritism towards one of the partners in the See also:firm. From imputations which were inconsistent with his whole character he has subsequently been exonerated. But while smarting under them he tendered his resignation in 1821, though he did not leave India till the first day of 1823. He was much exhausted by the arduous labours which for more than nine years he had sustained. Among his characteristics it is mentioned that " his ample See also:fortune absolutely sank under the benevolence of his nature "; and, far from having enriched himself in the See also:appointment of governor-general, he returned to England in circumstances which obliged him still to seek public employment. In 1824 he received the comparatively small See also:post of governor of Malta, in which island he introduced many reforms and endeared himself to the in-habitants. He died on the 28th of November 1826, leaving a See also:request that his right See also:hand should be cut off and preserved till the See also:death of the marchioness of Hastings, and then be interred in her See also:coffin.
Hastings was succeeded by his son, Francis George See also:Augustus (1808-1844), who in 184o succeeded through his mother to the earldom of Loudoun. When his second son, See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry Weysford, the 4th marquess, died childless on the loth of November 1868 the marquessate became See also:extinct.; the earldom of Loudoun devolved upon his See also:sister, Edith See also:Mary (d. 1874), wife of See also:Charles See also:Frederick Abney-Hastings, afterwards Baron Donington; the
barony of Hastings, which See also:fell into See also:abeyance, was also revived in 1871 in her favour.
See See also:Ross-of-Bladensburg, The Marquess of Hastings (" Rulers of India " See also:series) (1893) ; and Private See also:Journal of the Marquess of Hastings, edited by his daughter, the marchioness of See also:Bute (1858).
End of Article: HASTINGS, FRANCIS
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