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GRAY , a See also:town of eastern See also:France, See also:capital of an See also:arrondissement in the See also:department of Haute-See also:Saone, situated on the declivity of a See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
hill on the See also:left See also:bank of the Saone, 36 m. S.W. of See also:Vesoul by the Eastern railway. Pop. (1906) 5742. The streets of the town are narrow and steep, but it possesses broad and beautiful quays and has a busy See also:port. Three See also:bridges, one dating from the 18th See also:century, unite it to suburbs on the right bank of the See also:river, on which is the railway-station from which lines See also:branch off to See also:Auxonne, See also:Dijon, See also:Besancon and Culmont-Chalindrey. The See also:principal buildings are the See also:Gothic See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church, restored in the See also:style of the See also:Renaissance but with a See also:modern portal, and the hotel de ville, built by the Spaniards in 1568. The latter See also:building has a handsome See also:facade decorated with columns of red See also:granite. Gray is the seat of a subprefect and has tribunals of first instance and of See also:commerce, a chamber of commerce, a communal See also:college and a small museum. It has large See also:flour-See also:mills; among the other See also:industries is the manufacture of machinery and See also:iron goods. There is also a considerable transit See also:traffic in goods from the See also:south of France and the colonies, and See also:trade in iron, See also:corn, See also:pro-visions, vegetables, See also:wine, See also:wood, &c., much of which is carried by river. Gray was founded in the 7th century. Its fortifications were destroyed by See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XIV. During the Franco-See also:German See also:War
the small See also:Leech Kirche, an interesting building in See also:Early Gothic style, dating from the r3th century, and the Herz Jesu-Kirche, a building in Early Gothic style, finished in 1891, with a See also:tower 36o ft. high. Of the See also:secular buildings the most important is the Landhaus, where the See also:local See also:diet holds its sittings, erected in the 16th century in the Renaissance style. It possesses an interesting portal and a beautiful arcaded See also:court, and amongst the curiosities preserved here is the Styrian See also:hat. In its neighbourhood is the Zeughaus or See also:arsenal, built in 1644, which contains a very See also:rich collection of weapons of the 15th-17th centuries, and which is maintained exactly in the same See also:condition as it was 250 years ago. The town See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
hall, built in 1807, and rebuilt in 1892 in the German Renaissance style, and the imperial See also:castle, dating from the lrth century, now used as See also:government offices, are also See also:worth See also:notice.
At the See also:head of the educational institutions is the university founded in 1586 by the See also:Austrian See also:archduke See also:Charles See also:Francis, and restored in 1817 after an interruption of 45 years. It is now housed in a magnificent building, finished in 1895, and is endowed with numerous scientific laboratories and a rich library. It had in 1901 a teaching See also:staff of 161 professors and lecturers, and 1652 students, including many Italians from the See also:Kustenland and See also:Dalmatia. The Joanneum Museum, founded in 1811 by the archduke See also:John Baptist, has become very rich in many departments, and an additional huge building in the See also:rococo style was erected in 1895 for its See also:accommodation. The technical college, founded in 1814 by the archduke John Baptist, had in 1901 about 400 pupils.
An active trade, fostered by abundant railway communications, is combined with manufactures of iron and See also:steel wares, See also:paper, chemicals, See also:vinegar, See also:physical and See also:optical See also:instruments, besides See also:artistic See also:printing and See also:lithography. The extensive workshops of the See also:Southern railway are at See also:Graz, and since the opening of the railway to the rich See also:coal-See also:fields of Koflach the number of See also:industrial establishments has greatly increased.
Amongst the numerous interesting places in the neighbourhood are: the Hilmteich, with the Hilmwarte, about roo ft. high; and the Rosenberg (157o ft.), whence the ascent of the See also:Platte (2136 ft.) with extensive view is made. At the See also:foot of the Rosenberg is Maria Griin, with a large See also:sanatorium. All these places are situated to the N. of Graz. On the left bank of the Mur is the See also:pilgrimage church of Maria Trost, built in 1714; on the right bank is the castle of See also:Eggenberg, built in the 17th century. To the S.W. is the Buchkogel (2150 ft.), with a magnificent view, and a little farther south is the watering-See also:place of Tobelbad.
See also:History.—Graz may possibly have been a See also:Roman site, but the first mention of it under its See also:present name is in a document of A.D. 881, after which it became the See also:residence of the rulers of the surrounding See also:district, known later as See also:Styria. Its privileges were confirmed by See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King See also:Rudolph J(. in 1281. Surrounded with walls and fosses in 1435, it was able in 1481 to defend itself against the Hungarians under See also:Matthias See also:Corvinus, and in 1529 and 1532 the See also:Turks attacked it with as little success. As early as 1J30 the Lutheran See also:doctrine was preached in Graz by Seifried and See also:Jacob von Eggenberg, and in 1540 Eggenberg founded the Paradies or Lutheran school, in which See also:Kepler afterwards taught. But the archduke Charles burned 20,000 See also:Protestant books in the square of the present lunatic See also:asylum, and succeeded by his oppressive See also:measures in bringing the See also:city again under the authority of See also:Rome.
From the earlier See also:part of the 15th century Graz was the residence of one branch of the See also:family of See also:Habsburg, a branch which succeeded to the imperial See also:throne in 1619 in the See also:person of See also:Ferdinand II. New fortifications were constructed in the end of the 16th century by See also:Franz von Poppendorf, and in 1644 the, town afforded an asylum td the family of Ferdinand III. The See also:French were in See also:possession of the place in 1797 and again in 18o5; and in 1809 See also:Marshal See also:Macdonald having, in accordance with the terms of the See also:peace of See also:Vienna, entered the citadel which he had vainly besieged, blew it all up with the exception of the See also:- BELL
- BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
- BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
- BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
- BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
- BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
- BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
- BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
- BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
- BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
- BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
- BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)
bell-tower and the citizens' or See also:clock tower. It benefited greatly during the 19th century from the care of the archduke John and received extended civic privileges in 186o.
See Ilwof and See also:Peters, Graz, Geschichte and Topographie der Stadt (Graz, 1875) ; G. Fels, Graz and See also:seine Umgebung (Graz, 1898) ; L. See also:Mayer, See also:Die Stadt der Grazien (Graz, 1897), and Hofrichter, ,Ruckblicke in die Vergangenheit von Graz (Graz, 1885).
GRAllINI, See also:ANTONIO See also:FRANCESCO (1503-1583), See also:Italian author, was See also:born at See also:Florence on the nand of See also:March 1503, of See also:good family both by his See also:father's and See also:mother's See also:side. Of his youth and See also:education all See also:record appears to be lost, but he probably began early to practise as an See also:apothecary. In 1540 he was one of the founders of the See also:Academy of the Humid (degli Umidi) afterwards called " della Fiorentina," and later took a prominent part in the See also:establishment of the more famous Accademia della trusca. In both See also:societies he was known as Il Lasca or Leuciscus, and this See also:pseudonym is still frequently substituted for his proper name. His See also:temper was what the French happily See also:call a difficult one, and his See also:life was consequently enlivened or disturbed by various See also:literary quarrels. His Humid brethren went so far as to expel him for a See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time from the society—the See also:chief ground of offence being apparently his ruthless See also:criticism of the " Arameans," a party of the academicians who maintained that the Florentine or Tuscan See also:tongue was derived from the See also:Hebrew, the See also:Chaldee, or some other branch of the Semitic. He was readmitted in 1566, when his friend Salviati was" See also:consul " . of the academy. His See also:death took place on the 18th of See also:February 1583. II Lasca ranks as one of the See also:great masters of Tuscan See also:prose. His style is copious and flexible; abundantly idiomatic, but without any affectation of being so, it carries with it the force and freshness of popular speech, while it lacks not at the same time a flavour of See also:academic culture. His principal See also:works are Le Gene (1756), a collection of stories in the manner of See also:Boccaccio, and a number of prose comedies, La Gelosia (1568), La Spirit ata (1561), I See also:Parent adi, La Arenga, La Sibilla, LaPinzochera, L'Arzigogolo. The stories, though of no See also:special merit as far as the plots are concerned, are told with verve and See also:interest. A number of See also:miscellaneous poems, a few letters and Four Orations to the See also:Cross See also:complete the See also:list of Grazzini's extant works.
He also edited the works of See also:Berni, and collected Tutti i trionfi, larri, mascherate, e canti carnascialaschi, andati per Firenze dal tempo del magnifico Lorenzo de' See also:Medici See also:fine all' See also:anno 1559. In 1868 Adarno See also:Rossi published in his Ricerche per le biblioteche di See also:Perugia three " novelle " by Grazzini, from a MS. of the 16th century in the "Comunale" of Perugia: and in 187o a small collection of those poems which have been left unpublished by previous editors appeared at Poggibonsi, Alcune Foesie indite. See Pietro Fanfani's "Vita del Lasca," prefixed to his edition of the Opere di A. Grazzini (Florence, 1857).
End of Article: GRAY
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