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SAONE

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Originally appearing in Volume V24, Page 199 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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SAONE , a See also:

river of eastern See also:France, rising in the Faucilles mountains (See also:department of See also:Vosges), 15 m. W.S.W. of Epinal at a height of 1300 ft. and uniting with the See also:Rhone at See also:Lyons. Length, 301 m.; drainage See also:area, 11,400 sq. m. The See also:oldest See also:Celtic name of the river was Arar. In the 4th See also:century another name appears, Sauconna, from which the See also:modern name is derived. The Saone, moving slowly in a sinuous channel, has its course in the wide depressicn between the See also:Plateau of See also:Langres, the Cote d'Or and the mountains of Charolais and Beaujolais on the See also:west and the western slopes of the Vosges and See also:Jura and the See also:plain of See also:Bresse and the plateau of See also:Dombes on the See also:east. In the department of Saone-et-See also:Loire, the Saone unites with the See also:Doubs, an affluent rivalling the Saone in See also:volume and exceeding it in length at this point. At the important See also:town of Chalon-sur-Saone the river turns See also:south, and passes See also:Macon. Below Treveux its valley, now narrower, winds past the Mont d'Or See also:group and joins the Rhone just below the Perrache See also:quarter of Lyons. The Saone is canalized from Corre to Lyons, a distance of 233 m., the normal See also:depth of See also:water being 6 ft. 6 in. At Corre (confluence with the Coney) it connects with the See also:southern See also:branch of the Eastern See also:Canal, at Heuilley (below See also:Gray) with the Saone-See also:Marne Canal, at St Symphorien (above St See also:Jean-de-Losne) with the Rhone-See also:Rhine Canal, and at St Jean-de-Losne with the Canal de Bourgogne and at Chalon with the Canal du Centre.

SAONE-ET-LOIRE, a department of east-central France formed from the districts of Autunois, Brionnais, Chalonnais, Charollais and Maconnais, previously belonging to Btirgundy. It is bounded N. by the department of Cate d'Or, E. by that of Jura, S.E. by See also:

Ain, S. by Rhone and Loire, W. by See also:Allier and See also:Nievre. Pop. (1906) 613,377. Area, 3330 sq. m. Of the two See also:rivers from which the department takes its name the Loire forms its south-western boundary, and the Saone traverses its eastern region from See also:north to south. On the See also:left See also:bank of the Saone the department forms See also:part of the wide plain of Bresse; on its right bank the centre of the department is occupied by the See also:northern See also:Cevennes, here divided by the river Grosne into two parallel ranges—the mountains of Maconnais to the east, and the mountains of Charollais to the west. The See also:general direction of these ranges is from south, where their See also:altitude is greatest, to north. The north-west region of Saone-et-Loire is occupied by the southern portion of See also:Morvan, which includes the highest point in the department—the Bois du Roi (2959 ft.). South-east of the Morvan lies the hilly region of Autunois, consisting of the See also:basin of the Arroux, a right affluent of the Loire, and divided from the Charollais mountains by the Bourbince, a tributary of the Arroux. Besides those mentioned, the See also:chief rivers of the department are the Doubs, which joins the Saone in the extreme north-east, the Seille, also an affluent of the Saone, and the Arconce, a tributary of the Loire watering the Charollais. The See also:average temperature at Macon (52° or 53° F.), the most temperate spot in the department, is slightly higher than at See also:Paris, the See also:winter being colder and the summer hotter.

At the same town the yearly rainfall is about 33 in., but both the rigour of the See also:

climate and the amount of See also:rain increases in the hilly districts, reaching their maximum in the mountains of Morvan. See also:Agriculture prospers in Saone-et-Loire. See also:Wheat, oats and See also:maize are the cereals most cultivated; potatoes, See also:clover and other See also:fodder, and mangold-wurzels are important crops, and beetroot, See also:hemp, colza and See also:rape are also grown. Excellent pasture is found in the valleys of the Saone and other rivers. The See also:vine, one of the See also:principal resources of the department, is cultivated chiefly in the neighbourhood of Chalon and Macon. Of the wines of Maconnais, the vintage of Thorins is in high repute. The See also:white Charollais oxen are one of the finest See also:French breeds; horses, pigs and See also:sheep are reared, and poultry farming is a thriving occupation in the Bresse. The See also:industrial importance of the department is See also:great, chiefly owing to its See also:coal and See also:iron mines; the chief coal mines are those in the vicinity of Creusot, See also:Autun and Chapelle-sous-Dun. A See also:pit at Epinac is over 2600 ft. in depth. Iron is See also:mined at Mazenay and See also:Change, and See also:manganese is found at Romaneche and there are quarries of various kinds. There are well-known warm See also:mineral springs containing chloride of See also:sodium and iron at See also:Bourbon-Lancy. The iron'and See also:engineering See also:works of See also:Schneider & See also:Company at Le Creusot are the largest in France.

The department also has numerous See also:

flour-See also:mills and distilleries, together with See also:potteries, See also:porcelain-works (See also:Digoin), See also:tile-works, oil-works and See also:glass factories, and carries on various branches of thetextile, chemical, 'See also:leather and See also:wood-working See also:industries. It exports coal, metals, machinery, See also:wine, Charollais See also:cattle, bricks, pottery, glass. Its See also:commerce is facilitated by navigable streams—the Loire, Saone, Doubs and Seille,—the Canal du Centre, which unites Chalon-sur-Saone with Digoin on the Loire, and the canal from See also:Roanne to Digoin and the lateral Loire Canal, both following the See also:main river valley. The chief railway of the department is the Paris-See also:Lyon Mediterranee. Saone-et-Loire forms the See also:diocese of Autun; it is part of the See also:district of the VIII. See also:army See also:corps (See also:Bourges) ; its educational centre is Lyons and its See also:court of See also:appeal that of See also:Dijon. It is divided into 5 arrondissements—Macon, Chalon-sur-Saone, Autun, See also:Charolles, See also:Louhans—5o cantons, and 589 communes. Macon, Chalon, Autun, Le Creusot, See also:Cluny, Montceau-See also:Les-Mines, See also:Tournus, Paray-le-Monial, Louhans and Charolles are the most See also:note-worthy towns in the department and receive See also:separate treatment. Other places of See also:interest are St See also:Marcel-les-Chalon, where there is a Romanesque See also:church, once attached to an See also:abbey where See also:Abelard died; Anzy, which has a Romanesque church and other remains of an important monastery; St See also:Bonnet-de-Joux and See also:Sully, both of which have chateaus of the 16th century; and Semur-en-Brionnais and Varennes-l'Arconce, with See also:fine Romanesque churches. Prehistoric remains of the See also:stone See also:age have been found at Solutre near Macon.

End of Article: SAONE

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