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Tiber. Its outline is very irregular; from the centre of the town, at the junction of several ridges, parts of it extend for a considerable distance along their summits, being divided from one another by deep valleys. This is the extent enclosed by the See also:

MEDIEVAL

medieval walls; within them are consider-able remains of the lofty See also:

TERRACE (Fr. terrace, terrasse, from It. terraccia, terrazzo, Lat. terra, earth)

terrace walls of the Eutruscan See also:

period. The so-called Arco di Augusto is a town See also:

GATE

gate with a Decorated superstructure, perhaps of the See also:

ETRUSCAN

Etruscan period, bearing the inscription See also:

AUGUSTA

Augusta Perusia; above this again is a See also:

RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance loggia. The superstructure of a similar gate (Porta Marzia), which was removed in 1540 to make way for the citadel, but is depicted in a See also:

FRESCO (Ital. for cool, " fresh ")

fresco by Benedetto See also:

BONFIGLI, BENEDETTO

Bonfigli (between 1461 and 1477), was re-erected in the substruction walls of the citadel itself. It bears the inscription Colonia Vibia Augusta Perusia, so that the town must have become a See also:

COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony in the reign of the See also:

EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor C. Vibius Trebonianus See also:

Gallus (A.n. 251-253), who was a native of it.

Four other See also:

GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates of the Etruscan period can still be traced (F. Noack in Romische Mitteilungen, 1897, 166 sqq). In the See also:

GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden of the See also:

church of S. Elisabeth was found in 1876 a See also:

FINE

fine See also:

MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

mosaic in See also:

black on a See also:

white ground representing See also:

ORPHEUS

Orpheus in the midst of the beasts (Notizie degli scavi, 1876, 181; 1877 309). The citadel was erected by See also:

Pope See also:

Paul III. in 1540-1546, after the plans of See also:

Antonio da Sanga]lo the younger, and demolished in 186o (see Bacile di See also:

Castiglione in L'Arte, 1903, 347). The Piazza del Duomo is at the See also:

north of the Corso. On one See also:

side stands the See also:

CATHEDRAL

cathedral of See also:

San Lorenzo, a See also:

GOTHIC

Gothic structure of the 14th and 15th centuries, in the See also:

plan of a Latin See also:

CROSS

cross, with See also:

NAVE

nave and aisles of equal height; on the other the Palazzo del Municipio, presenting two fine Gothic facades, of the 14th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century (though the See also:

BUILDING

building was not completed till 1443), with the figures of the Perugian See also:

griffin and the See also:

GUELPH

Guelph See also:

lion above the outside See also:

stair; and in the centre the See also:

MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble See also:

FOUNTAIN (Late Lat. fontana, from ions, a spring)

fountain constructed in 1277-1280 by Arnolfo di Cambio, and adorned with statues and statuettes by Niccolo and Giovanni See also:

Pisano. The cathedral contains the See also:

BURIAL

burial-See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

Urban IV. and See also:

Martin IV.—the remains of See also:

Innocent III. were removed to See also:

Rome in 1892 and placed in the See also:

BASILICA

basilica of S. Giovanni in Laterano—and the Virgin's See also:

WEDDING

wedding -See also:

RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring; and at the north-See also:

east corner is a sitting statue of Pope See also:

JULIUS

Julius III. by Vincenzo Danti, erected in 1555 by the See also:

PEOPLE

people of Perugia in gratitude for the restoration of their civic privileges. On the decoration of the See also:

SALA, GEORGE AUGUSTUS HENRY (1828-1895)

Sala del Cambio, or old See also:

EXCHANGE

exchange, See also:

PERUGINO, PIETRO (1446-1524)

Perugino put forth the full force of his See also:

GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius. Most of the movable paintings have since 1863 been collected in the Pinacoteca Vannucci, established in the Palazzo del Municipio; besides a considerable number of pieces by Perugino, there are specimens of Niccole, Alunno, Bonfigli, See also:

PINTURICCHIO (1454–1513)

Pinturicchio, &c. A very interesting and important See also:

EXHIBITION

exhibition of Umbrian See also:

art was held here in 1907.

The pictures, the See also:

NEEDLEWORK

needlework with some splendid pieces of See also:

EMBROIDERY (M.E. embrouderie, from O. Fr. embroder, Mod. Fr. broder)

embroidery from S. See also:

Francesco at See also:

ASSISI (anc. Asisium)

Assisi, the See also:

VESTMENTS

vestments of Pope See also:

Benedict XI., and the See also:

MAJOLICA

majolica of Perugia and Deruta, a See also:

VILLAGE

village to m. See also:

south, were especially noteworthy (see U. Gnoli, L'Arte See also:

UMBRA (Lat. for shade or shadow)

umbra alla mostra di Perugia, See also:

Bergamo, 1908). The illuminated See also:

MSS. of the communal library, the cathedral and the church of S. Pietro, from the 7th century onwards, were also exhibited. The formation of the Pinacoteca Vannucci has impaired the See also:

INTEREST

interest of several churches but in others it remains undiminished. San Domenico, a Gothic edifice originally designed by Giovanni Pisano but rebuilt in 1614, contains the See also:

MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument of Pope Benedict XI. (attributed, but probably wrongly, to Giovanni Pisano by See also:

VASARI, GIORGIO (1511-1571)

Vasari), and in its east front a Gothic window with stained See also:

glass by Fra Bartolommeo of Perugia (1441). San Pietro de' Cassinensi (outside the Porta See also:

ROMANA

Romana) is a basilica with nave and aisles, founded in the beginning of the rth century by San Pietro Vincioli on the site of a building of the 6th century, and remarkable for its conspicuous See also:

SPIRE

spire, its See also:

ancient See also:

GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite and marble columns, its See also:

WALNUT (Juglans)

walnut See also:

STALL (0. Eng. steall, stael, cf. Du. stal, Ger. and Swed. Stall, a common Teutonic word for a place, station, place for standing in; the root is the Indo-European std–, to stand, seen also in Latin stabulum, Greek vraO bs, and in stallion, an entire hors

stall-See also:

WORK

work of 1535 by Stefano de' Zambelli da Bergamo, and its numerous pictures (by Perugino, &c.). The See also:

ORATORY (Lat. oratorio, sc. ors; from orare, to speak or pray)

oratory of S. Bernardino has an See also:

early Renaissance polychrome See also:

FACADE

facade, richly sculptured, of 1457-1461, by See also:

Agostino d'Antonio di Duccio of See also:

Florence. S.

Severo contains See also:

RAPHAEL (Hebrew smm, " God heals ")

Raphael's first See also:

INDEPENDENT

independent fresco (1505), much damaged by restoration. The circular church of S. Angelo, with sixteen See also:

ANTIQUE (Lat. antiquus, old)

antique columns in the interior, probably See also:

DATES

dates from the See also:

MIDDLE

middle of the 6th century. The university dates from 1307, and has faculties of See also:

law, See also:

SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science and See also:

MEDICINE

medicine; it had 318 students in 1902-1903. It contains an important museum of Etruscan and See also:

ROMAN

Roman antiquities. Three See also:

MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles to the S.S.E. the Etruscan See also:

NECROPOLIS

necropolis of the ancient city was discovered in 1870. The large See also:

TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of the Volumni (3rd century B. e.) hewn in the See also:

rock, with its carved cinerary urns, is interesting. The ancient Perusia first appears in See also:

HISTORY

history as one of the twelve confederate cities of See also:

ETRURIA

Etruria. It is first mentioned in the See also:

account of the See also:

war of 310 or 309 B.C. between the Etruscans and the See also:

Romans. It took, however, an important See also:

PART

part in the See also:

REBELLION

rebellion of 295, and was reduced, with Vulsinu and See also:

ARRETIUM (mod. Arezzo)

Arretium, to seek for See also:

peace in the following See also:

YEAR

year. In 216 and 205 it assisted Rome in the Hannibalic war, but afterwards it is not mentioned until 41–40 B.C., when L. See also:

ANTONIUS

Antonius took See also:

REFUGE

refuge there, and was reduced by Octavian after a See also:

long See also:

SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege.

A number of See also:

lead bullets used by slingers have been found in and around the city (Corpus inscr. See also:

lat. xi. 1212). The city was burnt, we are told, with the exception of the temples of See also:

VULCAN (Volcanos)

Vulcan and See also:

JUNO

Juno —the massive Etruscan terrace-walls, naturally, can hardly have suffered at all—and the town, with the territory for a mile See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round, was allowed to be occupied by whoever See also:

CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose. It must have been rebuilt almost at once, for several bases exist, inscribed Augusto sacr(um) Perusia restituta; but, as we have seen, it did not become a colony until A.U. 251-253. It is hardly mentioned except by the geographers until the middle of the 6th century, when it was captured by See also:

TOTILA (d. 552)

Totila after a long siege. In the Lombard period it is spoken of as one of the See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal cities of Tuscia. In the 9th century, with the consent of See also:

Charles the See also:

GREAT

Great and See also:

Louis the Pious, it passed under the popes; but for many centuries the city continued to maintain an independent See also:

LIFE

life, warring against many of the neighbouring lands and cities—See also:

FOLIGNO (anc. Fulginiae, q.v.)

Foligno, Assisi, See also:

SPOLETO (anc. Spoletium)

Spoleto, See also:

MONTEPULCIANO

Montepulciano, &c. It remained true for the most part to the Guelphs. On various occasions the popes found See also:

asylum within its walls, and it was the See also:

MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting-place of the conclaves which elected See also:

Honorius II. (1124), Honorius IV. (1285), See also:

Celestine V.

(1294), and See also:

Clement V. (1305). But Perugia had no mind simply to subserve the papal interests. At the See also:

time of See also:

RIENZI, COLA DI (c. 1313–1354)

Rienzi's unfortunate enterprise it sent ten ambassadors to pay him See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour; and, when papal legates sought to coerce it by See also:

FOREIGN

foreign soldiers, or to exact contributions, they met with vigorous resistance. In the 15th century See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power was at last concentrated in the Baglioni See also:

FAMILY

family, who, though they had no legal position, defied all other authority. Gian See also:

PAOLO (GIROLAMO GASPARE)5 (1532-1600)

Paolo Baglioni was lured to Rome in 1520 and beheaded by See also:

Leo X.; and in 1534 Rodolfo, who had slain a papal See also:

legate, was defeated by See also:

PIER (older forms per or Pere, from Med. Lat. pera; the word for piers out of water. For river piers, where a firm, watertight is of obscure origin, and the connexion with Fr. Pierre, Lat. stratum is found at a moderate depth below the river-bed, the pctr

Pier See also:

LUIGI

Luigi See also:

Farnese, and the city, captured and plundered by his soldiery, was deprived of its privileges. The citadel was begun six years later " ad coercendam Perusinorum audaciam." In 1797 Perugia was occupied by the See also:

French; in 1832, 1838 and 1854 it was visited by earthquakes; in May 1849 it was seized by the Austrians; and, after a futile insurrection in 1859, it was finally See also:

UNITED

united, along with the See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of Umbria, to See also:

PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

Piedmont, in 1860. See G. Conestabile, I Monumenti di Perugia etrusca e romana (Perugia, 18J5) ; M. See also:

Symonds and L. See also:

DUFF, ALEXANDER (1806-1878)

Duff See also:

Gordon, Perugia (" Medieval Towns See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

Series "), (1898) ; R. A.

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