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See also:FARNESE, See also:ALEXANDER (1545-1592) , See also:duke of See also:Parma, See also:general, statesman and diplomatist, See also:governor-general of the See also:Netherlands under See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip II. of See also:Spain, was See also:born at See also:Rome on the 27th of See also:August 1545, and died at the See also:abbey of St Waast, near See also:Arras, on the 3rd of See also:December 1592. He was the son of Ottavio Farnese, duke of Parma, and See also:Margaret of See also:Austria, natural daughter of See also:Charles V. He accompanied his See also:mother to See also:Brussels when she was appointed governor of the Netherlands, and in1565 his See also:marriage with the princess Maria of See also:Portugal was celebrated in Brussels with See also:great splendour. Alexander Farnese had been brought up in Spain with his See also:cousin, the See also:ill-fated See also:Don See also:Carlos, and his See also:uncle Don See also:John of Austria, both of whom were about the same See also:age as himself, and after his marriage he took up his See also:residence at once at the See also:court of See also:Madrid. He fought with much See also:personal distinction under the command of Don John in 1571 at the See also:battle of See also:Lepanto. It was seven years, however, before he had again an opportunity for the display of his great military talents. In the meantime the provinces of the Nether-lands had revolted against the arbitrary and oppressive See also:Spanish See also:rule, and Don John of Austria, who had been sent as governor-general to restore See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order, had found himself helpless in See also:face of the See also:superior See also:- TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental
talent and personal See also:influence of the See also:prince of See also:Orange, who had succeeded in uniting all the provinces in See also:common resistance to the See also:civil and religious tyranny of Philip. In the autumn of 1577 Farnese was sent to join Don John at the See also:head of reinforcements, and it .was mainly his prompt decision at a See also:critical moment that won the battle of Gemblours (1578). Shortly afterwards Don John, whose See also:health had broken down through disappointment and ill-health, died, and Farnese was appointed to take his See also:place.
It is scarcely possible to exaggerate the difficulties with which he found himself confronted, but he proved himself more than equal to the task. In military ability the prince of Parma was inferior to none of his contemporaries, as a skilful diplomatist he was the match even of his great antagonist See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William the Silent, and, like most of the leading statesmen of his See also:day, was unscrupulous as to the means he employed so See also:long as he achieved his ends. Perceiving that there were divisions and jealousies in the ranks of his opponents between See also:Catholic and See also:Protestant, See also:Fleming and Walloon, he set to See also:work by persuasion, address and See also:bribery, to foment the growing discord, and bring back the Walloon provinces to the See also:allegiance of the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king. He was successful, and by the treaty of Arras, See also:January 1579, he was able to secure the support of the " Malcontents," as the Catholic nobles of the See also:south were styled, to the royal cause. The reply to the treaty of Arras was the See also:Union of See also:Utrecht, concluded a few See also:weeks later between the seven See also:northern provinces, who abjured the See also:sovereignty of King Philip and See also:bound themselves to use all their resources to maintain their See also:independence of Spanish rule.
Farnese, as soon as he had obtained a secure basis of operations in See also:Hainaut and See also:Artois, set himself in See also:earnest to the task of re-conquering See also:Brabant and See also:Flanders by force of arms. See also:Town after town See also:fell into his See also:power. See also:Tournai, See also:Maastricht, See also:Breda, See also:Bruges and See also:Ghent opened their See also:gates, and finally he laid See also:siege to the great seaport of See also:Antwerp. The town was open to the See also:sea, was strongly fortified, and was defended with resolute determination and courage by the citizens. They were led by the famous Philip de Marnix, See also:lord of St Aldegonde, and had the assistance of an ingenious See also:Italian engineer, by name Gianibelli. The siege began in 1584 and called forth all the resources of Farnese's military See also:genius. He cut off all See also:access to Antwerp from the sea by constructing a See also:bridge of boats across the See also:Scheldt from Calloo to Oordam, in spite of the desperate efforts of the besieged to prevent its completion. At last, on the 15th of August 1585, Antwerp was compelled by See also:famine to capitulate. Favourable conditions were granted, but all Protestants were required to leave the town within two years. With the fall of Antwerp, for See also:Malines and Brussels were already in the hands of Farnese, the whole of the See also:southern Netherlands was brought once more to recognize the authority of Philip. But See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland and See also:Zeeland, whose See also:geographical position made them unassailable except by See also:water, were by the courage and skill of their See also:hardy seafaring See also:population, with the help of See also:English auxiliaries sent by See also:Queen See also:Elizabeth, able to defy his further advance.
In 1586 Alexander Farnese became duke of Parma by the See also:death of his See also:father. He applied for leave to visit his paternal territory, but Philip would not permit him. He could not replace him in the Netherlands; but while retaining him in his command at the head of a formidable See also:army, the king would not give his See also:sanction to his great general's See also:desire to use it for the reconquest
of the Northern Provinces. Never was there a better opportunity than the end of 1586 for an invading army to See also:march through the See also:country almost without opposition. The misgovernment and lack of high statesmanship of the See also:earl of See also:Leicester had caused See also:faction to be rampant in the See also:United Provinces; and on his return to See also:England he See also:left the country without organized forces or experienced generals to oppose an advance of a See also:veteran army under the greatest See also:commander of his See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time. But Philip's whole thoughts and energies were already directed to the preparation of an Invincible See also:Armada for the See also:conquest of England, and Parma was ordered to collect an enormous flotilla of transpgrts and to keep his army concentrated and trained for the projected invasion of the See also:island See also:realm of Queen Elizabeth. Thus the critical See also:period passed by unused, and when the tempests had finally dispersed the defeated remnants of the Great Armada the Dutch had found a general, in the youthful See also:Maurice of See also:Nassau,worthy to be the See also:rival in military genius even of Alexander of Parma. Moreover, the See also:accession to the See also:throne of See also:France of See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry of See also:Navarre had altogether altered the situation of affairs, and relieved the pressure upon the Dutch.by creating a diversion, and placing Parma and his army between hostile forces. The ruinous See also:expenditure upon the Great Armada had also depleted the Spanish See also:treasury and Philip found himself virtually bankrupt. In 1590 the See also:condition of the Spanish troops had become intolerable. Farnese could get no See also:regular supplies of See also:money from the king for the See also:payment of the soldiery, and he had to See also:pledge his own jewels to meet the demand. A See also:mutiny See also:broke out, but was suppressed. In the midst of these difficulties Parma received orders to abandon the task on which he had spent himself for so many years, and to raise the siege of See also:Paris, which was blockaded by Henry IV. He left the Nether-lands on the 3rd of August 1590 at the head of 15,000 troops. By brilliant generalship he outwitted Henry and succeeded in relieving Paris; but owing to lack of money and supplies he was compelled immediately to See also:retreat to the Netherlands, abandoning on the march many stragglers and wounded, who were killed by the peasantry, and leaving all the positions he had taken to be recaptured by Henry.
Again in 1591, in the very midst of a See also:campaign against Maurice of Nassau, sorely against his will, the duke of Parma was obliged to give up the See also:engrossing struggle and march to relieve See also:Rouen. He was again successful in his See also:object, but was wounded in the See also:arm before Caudebec, and was finally compelled to withdraw his army with considerable losses through the privations the troops had to undergo. He himself was shattered in health by so many years of continuous campaigning and exposure, and by the cares and disappointments which had befallen him. He died at Arras on the 3rd of December 1592, in the See also:forty-seventh See also:year of his age. The feeling that his immense services had not won for him either the gratitude or confidence of his See also:sovereign hastened his end. He was honoured by a splendid funeral at Brussels, but his See also:body was interred at his own See also:capital See also:city of Parma. He left two sons, Ranuce, who succeeded him, and See also:Edward, who was created a See also:cardinal in 1591 by See also:Pope See also:- GREGORY
- GREGORY (Gregorius)
- GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
- GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
- GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
- GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
- GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)
Gregory XIV. His daughter Margaret married See also:Vincent, duke of See also:Mantua.
See L. P. See also:Gachard, Correspondance d'See also:Alexandre Farnese, Prince de Partite, gouverneur general See also:des Pays-Bas, avec Philippe II, 1578–1579 (Brussels, 1850) ; Fra Pietro, Alessandro Farnese, duca di Parma (Rome, 1836).
End of Article: FARNESE, ALEXANDER (1545-1592)
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