Online Encyclopedia
Search over 40,000 articles from the original, classic Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition.
LEPANTO
Online EncyclopediaEncyclopedia Home :: LEO-LOB
del.icio.us it!
|
LEPANTO ,' See also:BATTLE OF, fought on the 7th of See also:October 1571. The See also:conquest of See also:Cyprus by the See also:Turks, and their aggressions on the See also:Christian See also:powers, frightened the states of the Mediterranean into forming a See also:holy See also:league for their See also:common See also:defence. The See also:main See also:promoter of the league was See also:Pope See also:Pius V., but the bulk of the forces was supplied by the See also:republic of See also:Venice and See also: See also:Ali, the capitan See also:pasha, was See also:commander-in-See also:chief, and he had with him Chulouk See also:Bey of See also:Alexandria, commonly called Scirocco, and Uluch Ali, See also:dey of See also:Algiers. On the 7th of October the Christian fleet advanced to the neighbourhood of Cape Scropha: It was formed in the traditional See also:order of the galleys—a See also:long See also:line abreast, subdivided into the centre or " battle " commanded by Don John in See also:person, the See also:left wing under the proveditore Barbarigo, and the right under Gianandrea Doria. But a reserve squadron was placed behind the centre under the marquess of Santa Cruz, and the eight lumbering galeasses were stationed at intervals in front of the line to break the formation of the Turks. The capitan pasha left his anchorage in the Gulf of Patras with his fleet in a single line, without reserve or advance-guard. He was himself in the centre, with Scirocco on his right and Uluch All on his left. The two fleets met See also:south of Cape Scropha, both See also:drawn up from See also:north to south, the See also:land being close to the left flank of the Christians,, and the right of the Turks. To the left of the Turks and the right of the Christians, there was open See also:sea. All Pasha's greater See also:numbers enabled him to outflank his enemy. The Turks charged through the intervals between the galeasses, which proved to be of no value. On their right Scirocco out-flanked the Venetians of Barbarigo, but the better build of the galleys of See also:Saint See also:Mark and the admirable discipline of their crews gave them the victory. The Turks were almost all sunk or driven on See also:shore. Scirocco and Barbarigo both lost their lives. On the centre Don John and the capitan pasha met See also:prow to prow —the Christians reserving the See also:fire of their bow guns (called di cursia) till the moment of impact, and then boarding. Ali Pasha was slain and his See also:galley taken. Everywhere on the centre the Christians gained the upper See also:hand, but their victory was almost turned into a defeat by the mistaken manoeuvres of Doria. In fear lest he should be outflanked by Uluch Ali, he stood out to sea, leaving a See also:gap between himself and the centre. The dey of Algiers, who saw the opening, reversed the order of his squadron, and See also:fell on the right of the centre. The galleys of the Order of See also:Malta, which were stationed at this point, suffered severely, and their See also:flagship was taken with great slaughter. A disaster was averted by the marquess of Santa Cruz, who brought up the reserve. Uluch All then retreated with See also:sail and See also:oar, bringing most of his See also:division off in See also:good order. The loss of See also:life in the battle was enormous, being put at 20,000 for the Turks and 8000 for the Christians. The battle of Lepanto was of immense See also:political importance. It gave the See also:naval See also:power of the Turks a See also:blow from which it never recovered, and put a stop to their aggression in the Eastern Mediterranean. Historically the battle is interesting because it was the last example of an encounter on a great See also:scale between fleets of galleys and also because it was the last crusade. The Christian powers of the Mediterranean did really combine to avert the ruin of Christendom. Hardly a See also:noble See also:house of Spain or See also:Italy was not represented in the fleet, and the princes headed the boarders. See also:Volunteers came from all parts of See also:Europe, and it is said that among them was See also:Sir See also:Richard See also:Grenville, afterwards famous for his fight in the Revenge " off See also:Flores in the See also:Azores., Cervantes was undoubtedly See also:present, and had his left hand shattered by a Turkish See also:bullet. For full accounts of the battle, with copious references to authorities and to See also:ancient controversies, mostly arising out of the conduct of Doria, see Sir W. See also:Stirling See also:Maxwell, Don John of Austria (1883) ; and Jurien de la Graviere, La Guerre de Chypre et la bataille de Lepanto (1888). (D. H.) LE PAUTRE, See also:JEAN (1618-1682), See also:French designer and en-graver. He was apprenticed to a See also:carpenter and builder and in addition to learning See also:mechanical and constructive See also:work See also:developed considerable facility with the See also:pencil. His designs, which were 'innumerable in quantity and exuberant in See also:fancy, consisted mainly of ceilings, friezes, See also:chimney-pieces, doorways and mural decorations; he also devised fire-See also:dogs, sideboards, cabinets, See also:console tables, mirrors and other pieces of See also:furniture; he was long employed at the Gobelins. His work is often excessively flamboyant and over-elaborate; he revelled in amorini and swags, arabesques and cartouches. His chimney-pieces, however, were frequently See also:simple and elegant. His engraved plates, almost entirely See also:original, are something like 1500 in number and include a portrait of himself. He became a member of the See also:academy of See also:Paris in 1677. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
» Add information or comments to this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML. Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide. |
|
|
[back] LEOVIGILD |
[next] LEPCHA |