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CEPHALONIA (Ital. Cefalonia, ancient ...

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Originally appearing in Volume V05, Page 685 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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CEPHALONIA (Ital. Cefalonia, ancient and modern official Greek Cephallenia, Ke¢aXMvia)

CEPHALONIA (Ital. Cefalonia, See also:
ANCIENT
ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)
ancient and See also:
MODERN
modern See also:
OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)
official See also:
GREEK
GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND
Greek Cephallenia, Ke¢aXMvia) , an See also:

ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island belonging to the See also:

KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

GREECE

Greece, and the largest of those known as the Ionian Islands, situated on the See also:

west See also:

side of the mainland, almost directly opposite the Gulf of See also:

Corinth. The name was traditionally derived from Cephalus, the See also:

ATTIC (i.e. "in the Attic style ")

Attic See also:

hero who was regarded as having colonized the island. The tradition, which is repeated by See also:

Aristotle, is probably due solely to the similarity of the names (see J. G. Frazer, See also:

PAUSANIAS

Pausanias, i. 37, 6 See also:

note). Pop. (1907) 71,235. Its extreme length is 31 m., and its breadth varies from about 20 M. in the See also:

SOUTHERN

southern portion to 3 m. or less in the projecting See also:

PART

part, which runs parallel with the island of See also:

Ithaca, at a distance of about 4 m: across the strait of Guiscardo or Viscaro. The whole island, with its See also:

AREA

area of 348 See also:

ENGLISH

English sq. m., is covered with rocky hills of varying See also:

ELEVATION

elevation, the See also:

main range See also:

RUNNING

running from See also:

north-west to See also:

south-See also:

east. The ancient See also:

MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Aenos, now Elato, See also:

MONTE

Monte See also:

NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

Negro, or the See also:

Black See also:

Mountain (53, 5 ft.), frequently retains the See also:

SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow for several months.

It is not only the loftiest part of the sierra, but also the highest See also:

LAND

land in the whole Ionian See also:

GROUP

group. The name " Black" was given from the darkness of the See also:

PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine See also:

woods which still constitute the most striking feature in Cephalonian scenery, although their extent has been greatly curtailed by See also:

FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire. The See also:

SUMMIT

summit is called Megalo Soros. The island is See also:

ill supplied with fresh See also:

WATER

water; there are few permanent streams except the Rakli, and springs are See also:

apt to fail in dry summers. In the western part of the island a gulf runs up from the south, a distance of about 7 m.; on its east side stands the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

TOWN

town See also:

ARGOSTOLI (anc. Cephallenia)

Argostoli, with about to,000 inhabitants, and on its west side the See also:

RIVAL

rival See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Lixouri, with 6000. About a mile west of the town are the curious See also:

sea See also:

mills; a stream of sea water running down a chasm in the See also:

SHORE

shore is made to turn the wheels. About 5 M. from Argostoli is the See also:

castle of St See also:

George, a See also:

BUILDING

building of Venetian origin, and the strongest fortification in the island. On an See also:

EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence east-south-east of Argostoli are the ruins of the ancient Cranii, and Lixouri is See also:

close to or upon those of See also:

PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

Pale; while on the other side of the island are the remains of See also:

SAMOS

Samos on the See also:

bay of the same name, of Proni or Pronni, farther south above the vale of Rakli and its blossoming oleanders, and of an unknown city near the See also:

VILLAGE

village of Scala. The ruins of this city include See also:

ROMAN

Roman See also:

BATHS

baths, a See also:

BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick-built See also:

temple, See also:

rock-cut tombs, and See also:

TESSELLATED (Lat. tessellatus,)

tessellated pavements; and Cranii, Proni and Samos are remarkable for stretches of Cyclopean and Hellenic walls, partly of the most irregular construction, and partly preserving almost unimpaired the results of the most perfect skill. The inhabitants of Cephalonia have all along been extremely active; and no slight amount of toil has been expended in the construction of terraces on the steep sides of the hills. Owing to the thinness of the See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, however, but a small proportion of the See also:

SOIL

soil is under cultivation, and the quantity of See also:

GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain grown in the island is comparatively-meagre. The See also:

STAPLE

staple is the See also:

CURRANT

currant, in the See also:

PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of which the island surpasses See also:

ZANTE (anc. Zacynthus)

Zante.

The See also:

FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit is smaller than that of the Morea, and has a See also:

PECULIAR

peculiar flavour; it finds a See also:

MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market mainly in See also:

Holland, See also:

Belgium and See also:

Germany. The See also:

GRAPE

grape See also:

VINE

vine also is grown, and the manufacture of See also:

WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine is a rising See also:

INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry. The See also:

OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive See also:

CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop is of considerable importance, and the culture of See also:

cotton in the See also:

low grounds has been successfully attempted. Manufactures are few and undeveloped, but See also:

LACE (corresponding to Ital. merletto, trina; Genoese Pizzo; Ger. spitzen; Fr. dentelle; Dutch kanten; Span. encaje; the English word owes something to the Fr. lassis or laces, but both are connected with the earlier Lat. laqueus; early French laces were

lace from the See also:

ALOE

aloe fibre, See also:

TURKEY

Turkey carpets and See also:

BASKET

basket-See also:

WORK

work are produced by the villagers, and boats are built at both the See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal towns. Of all the seven Ionian islands Cephalonia and Zante are most purely Greek, and the inhabitants display See also:

GREAT

great See also:

MENTAL

mental activity. In the Homeric poems Cephalonia is generally supposed to be mentioned under the name of Same, and its inhabitants, among the subjects of Ulysses, to be designated Cephallenes (see, however, under ITHACA). In the See also:

Persian See also:

War they took but little part; in the Peloponnesian they sided with the Athenians. The town of Pale was vainly besieged by See also:

Philip of Macedon in 218 B.C., because it had supported the Aetolian cause. In 189 B.C. all the cities surrendered to the See also:

Romans, but Same afterwards revolted, and was only reduced after a See also:

SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of four months. The island was presented by See also:

HADRIAN (PUBLICS AELIUS HADRIANUS)

Hadrian to See also:

Athens, but it appears again at a later date as " See also:

FREE

free and autonomous." After the See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the Roman See also:

EMPIRE

empire, it continued attached to See also:

BYZANTIUM

Byzantium till 1082, when it was captured by See also:

Robert Guiscard, who died, however, before he could repress the revolt of 1o85. In 1204 it was assigned to Gains, See also:

prince of See also:

Tarentum, who accepted the See also:

PROTECTION

protection of See also:

Venice in 1215; and after 1225 it was held along with See also:

SANTA

Santa Maura and Zante by a See also:

SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of five See also:

COUNTS

counts of the Tocco See also:

FAMILY

family at See also:

Naples. Formally made over to Venice in 1350 by the prince of Tarentum, it was afterwards captured by the See also:

TURKS

Turks in 1479; but the Hispanico-Venetian See also:

FLEET

fleet under Benedetto Pessaro and Gonsalvo of See also:

Cordova effected their See also:

EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion in 1500, and the island continued in Venetian See also:

possession till the fall of the See also:

REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic.

For some See also:

time it was administered for the See also:

French See also:

government, but in 1809 it was taken by the See also:

BRITISH

British under See also:

CUTHBERT, SAINT (d. 687)

Cuthbert, See also:

Lord See also:

Collingwood. Till 1813 it was in the hands of See also:

Major de Bosset, a Swiss in the British service, who displayed an industry and See also:

ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy in the repression of injustice and development of See also:

CIVILIZATION

civilization only outdone by the despotic vigour of See also:

Sir See also:

Charles See also:

Napier, who held the same See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office for the nine years from 1818 to 1827. During the British See also:

PROTECTORATE

protectorate the island made undoubted advances in material prosperity, but was several times the See also:

SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of See also:

POLITICAL

political disturbances. It retained longer than the See also:

SISTER

sister islands traces of feudal See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence exerted by the landed proprietors, but has been gradually becoming more democratic. Under the Venetians it was divided into eight districts, and an elaborate See also:

SYSTEM

system of See also:

POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police was in force; since its See also:

ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation to Greece it has been broken up into twenty demarchies, each with its See also:

SEPARATE

separate See also:

jurisdiction and revenues, and the police system has been abolished.

End of Article: CEPHALONIA (Ital. Cefalonia, ancient and modern official Greek Cephallenia, Ke¢aXMvia)

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