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FARNESE , the name of one of the most illustrious and powerful See also:Italian families, which besides including eminent prelates, statesmen and warriors among its members, ruled the duchy of See also:Parma for two centuries. The See also:early See also:history of the See also:family is involved in obscurity, but they are first heard of as lords of Farneto or Farnese, a See also:castle near the See also:lake of See also:Bolsena, and they played an important See also:part as consuls and signori of See also:Orvieto. They seem to have always been Guelphs, and in the See also:civil broils of Orvieto they sided with the Monaldeschi See also:faction againstthe Ghibelline Filippeschi. One Pietro Farnese commanded the papal armies under See also:Paschal II. (1099–1118); another Pietro led the Florentines to victory against the Pisans in 1363. Ranuccio Farnese served See also:Eugene IV. so well that the See also:pope endowed him with large fiefs, and is reported to have said, " The See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church is ours because Farnese has given it back to us."
The family derived further advantages at the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of Pope See also:Alexander VI., who was the See also:lover of the beautiful Giulia Farnese, known as Giulia Bella, and created her See also:brother Alessandro a See also:cardinal (1493). The latter was elected pope as See also:Paul III. in 1534, and it is from that moment that the See also:great importance of the family See also:dates. An unblushing nepotist, he alienated immense fiefs belonging to the See also:Holy See in favour of his natural See also:children. Of these the most famous was Pierluigi Farnese (1503_1547), who served in the papal See also:army in various compaigns, but also took part in the See also:sack of See also:Rome in 1527. On his See also:father's See also:elevation to the papacy he was made See also:captain-See also:general of the Church, and received the duchy of See also:Castro in the See also:Maremma, besides See also:Frascati, See also:Nepi, Montalto and other fiefs. A shameless See also:rake and a See also:man of uncontrollable See also:temper, his See also:massacre of the See also:people of See also:Perugia after a See also:rebellion in 1540 and the unspeakable See also:outrage he committed on the See also:bishop of See also:Fano are typical of his See also:character. In 1545 his father conferred on him the duchy of Parma and See also:Piacenza, which likewise belonged to the Holy See, and his See also:rule proved cruel and tyrannical. He deprived the nobles of their privileges, and forced them to dwell in the tdwns, but to some extent he improved the conditions of the See also:lower classes. Pierluigi being an uncompromising opponent of the See also:emperor See also:Charles V., See also:Don Ferrante See also:Gonzaga, the imperial See also:governor of See also:Milan, was ever on the See also:watch for a pretext to deprive him of Piacenza, which the emperor greatly coveted. When the See also:duke proceeded to build a castle in that See also:town in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to overawe its inhabitants, the nobles were furiously indignant, and a See also:plot to See also:murder him was organized by the See also:marquis Anguissola and others with the support both of Gonzaga and of See also:Andrea See also:Doria (q.v.), Charles's See also:admiral, who wished to be revenged on Pierluigi for the part he had played in the See also:Fiesco See also:conspiracy (see FIEsco). The See also:deed was done while the duke was superintending the See also:building of the above-mentioned citadel, and his See also:corpse was flung into the See also:street (See also:December loth, 1 547). Piacenza was thereupon occupied by the imperialists.
Pierluigi had several children, for all of whom Paul made generous See also:provision. One of them, Alessandro (1520–1589), was created cardinal at the See also:age of fourteen; he was a man of learning and See also:artistic tastes, and lived with great splendour surrounded by scholars and artists, among whom were Annibal See also:Caro, See also:Paolo Giovio, See also:Mons. Della Casa, See also:Bembo, See also:Vasari, &c. It was he who completed the magnificent Farnese See also:palace in Rome. He displayed See also:diplomatic ability on various See also:missions to See also:foreign courts, but failed to get elected to the papacy.
See also:Orazio, Pierluigi's third son, was made duke of Castro when his father became duke of Parma, and married Diane, a natural daughter of See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry II. of See also:France. Ottavio, the second son (1521-'586), married See also:Margaret, the natural daughter of Charles V. and widow of Alessandro de' See also:Medici, at the age of fifteen, she being a See also:year older; at first she disliked her youthful bridegroom, but when he returned wounded from the expedition to See also:Algiers in 1541 her aversion was turned to See also:affection (see MARGARET OF See also:AUSTRIA). Ottavio had been made See also:lord of See also:Camerino in 1540, but he gave up that See also:fief when his father became duke of Parma. When, on the murder of the latter in 1547, Piacenza was occupied by the imperialists, Paul determined to make an effort to regain the See also:city; he set aside Ottavio's claims to the See also:succession of Parma, where he appointed a papal See also:legate, giving him back Camerino in See also:exchange, and then claimed Piacenza of the emperor, not for the Farnesi, but for the Church. But Ottavio would not be put ofi; he attempted to seize Parma by force, and having failed, entered into negotiations with Gonzaga. This unnatural rebellion on the part of one See also:grandson, combined with the fact that it was supported by the other grandson, Cardinal Alessandro, hastened the pope's See also:death, which occurred on the loth of See also:November 1549. During the interregna, that followed Ottavio
again tried to induce the governor of Parma to give up the city to him, but met with no better success; however, on the See also:election of Giovan Maria Ciocchi (See also:Julius III.) the duchy was conferred on him (1551). This did not end his See also:quarrel with the emperor, for Gonzaga refused to give up Piacenza and even threatened to occupy Parma, so that Ottavio was driven into the arms of France. Julius, who was anxious to be on See also:good terms with Charles on See also:account of the See also:council of See also:Trent which was then sitting, ordered Farnese to See also:hand Parma over to the papal authorities once more, and on his refusal hurled censures and admonitions at his See also:head, and deprived him of his See also:Roman fiefs, while Charles did the same with regard to those in See also:Lombardy. A See also:French army came to protect Parma, See also:war See also:broke out, and Gonzaga at once laid See also:siege to the city. But the duke came to an arrangement with his father-in-See also:law, by which he regained Piacenza and his other fiefs The See also:rest of his See also:life was spent quietly at See also:home, where the moderation and See also:wisdom of his rule won for him the affection of his people. At his death in 1586 he was succeeded by his son Alessandro Farnese (1545-1592), the famous general of See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip II. of See also:Spain, who spent the whole of his reign in the Flemish See also:wars.
The first years of the reign of his son and successor Ranuccio I. (t569–1622), who had shown much spirit in a controversy with Pope See also:Sixtus V., were uneventful, but in 1611 a conspiracy was formed against him by a See also:group of discontented nobles supported by the See also:dukes of See also:Modena and See also:Mantua. The plot was discovered and the conspirators were barbarously punished, many being tortured and put to death, and their estates confiscated. Ranuccio was a reserved and gloomy See also:bigot; he instituted See also:savage persecutions against supposed witches and heretics, and lived in perpetual terror of plots. His eldest son Alessandro being See also:deaf and dumb, the succession devolved on his second son Odoardo (1612–1646), who fought on the French See also:side in the war against Spain. His failure to pay the See also:interest of the See also:money borrowed in Rome, and the See also:desire of See also:Urban VIII. to obtain Castro for his relatives the See also:Barberini (q.v.), resulted in a war between that pope and Odoardo. His son and successor Ranuccio II. (1630—1694) also had a war with the Holy See about Castro, which was eventually razed to the ground. His son See also:Francesco Maria (1678–1727) suffered from the wars between Spain and Austria, the latter's troops devastating his territory; but although this obliged him to See also:levy some burdensome taxes, he was a good ruler and practised See also:economy in his See also:administration. Having no children, the succession devolved at his death on his brother See also:Antonio (1679–1731), who was also childless. The See also:powers had agreed that at the death of the latter the duchy should pass to Don See also:Carlos of See also:Bourbon, son of See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King Philip V. of Spain by Elisabetta Farnese (1692-1766), granddaughter of Ranuccio II. Antonio died in 1731, and with him the See also:line of Farnese came to an end.
The Palazzo Farnese in Rome, one of the finest specimens of Roman See also:Renaissance See also:architecture, was begun under Paul III., while he was cardinal, by Antonio da See also:San Gallo, and completed by his See also:nephew Cardinal Alessandro under the direction of See also:Michelangelo (1526). It was inherited by Don Carlos, afterwards king of See also:Naples and Spain, and most of the pictures were removed to Naples. It now contains the French See also:embassy to the Italian See also:court, as well as the French school of Rome.
End of Article: FARNESE
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