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government of Spain, except to hold a few formal offices, Don Carlos was known for the rigid orthodoxy of his religious opinions, the piety of his See also:

LIFE

life, and his See also:

FIRM

firm belief in the divine right of See also:

KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings to govern despotically. During the revolutionary troubles of 1820–1823 he was threatened by the extreme radicals, but no attack was made on him. When the revolutionary agitation was put down by See also:

French intervention in 1823, Don Carlos continued to behave as the affectionate brother and loyal subject of Ferdinand VII. The family See also:

AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection between them was undoubtedly sincere, and was one of the very few amiable traits in the See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the elder brother. Towards the dose of Ferdinand's reign Don Carlos was forced against his own will into the position of a party See also:

LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader, or rather into the position of a prince whom a See also:

GREAT

great party was forced to take as its leader. The extreme clericals among the Spaniards, who were the partisans of despotism because they rightly considered it as most favourable to the See also:

church, began to be discontented with King Ferdinand, who seemed wanting in See also:

ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy. When the king showed his intention to alter the See also:

law of See also:

SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession in See also:

order to secure the See also:

CROWN

crown for his daughter See also:

Isabella, the clericals (in the See also:

SPANISH

Spanish phrase, "apost6licos ") banded to protect the rights of Don Carlos.

There can be no question that if he had been disposed to See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place himself at the See also:

head of an insurrection he would have been followed, and might have put Ferdinand under See also:

RESTRAINT (from " to restrain," Lat. restringere, to hold back, prevent)

restraint. But Don Carlos held his principles honestly. He considered See also:

REBELLION

rebellion as a See also:

sin in a prince as much as in other men, and as wicked when made by " apost6licos " as by liberals. He would do no more than assert his rights, and those of his See also:

CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, in words. His wife and her sister, the princess of See also:

BEIRA

Beira, widow of his first See also:

cousin the See also:

INFANTE (Spanish and Portuguese form of Lat. infans, young child)

infante Pedro, were less scrupulous. They were actively engaged in intrigues with the " apost6licos." In March 1833 the princess of Beira was informed by the king that her brother Don See also:

MIGUEL, MARIA EVARIST (1802–1866)

Miguel, then See also:

REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent in Portugal, desired her presence, and that she must pay him a visit. On the 16th of March Don Carlos See also:

LEFT

left for Portugal with his wife, in See also:

COMPANY

company with the princess, after an interview with his brother the king which is said to have been friendly. In the following See also:

month he was called upon by the king to swear See also:

ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance to the infanta Isabella, afterwards See also:

queen. Don Carlos refused, in respectful terms but with great firmness, to renounce his rights and those of his sons, in a public See also:

LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter dated the 29th of See also:

APRIL

April. The See also:

DEATH

death of his brother on the 29th of September 1833 gave him an opportunity to vindicate his claims without offence to his principles, for in his own See also:

OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion and that of his partisans he was now king. But he was entangled in the See also:

CIVIL

civil See also:

war of Portugal and was shut off from Spain. He did, and perhaps could do, nothing to See also:

DIRECT

direct the Spaniards who See also:

rose on his behalf, and had proclaimed him king as Charles V.

When the Miguelite party was beaten in Portugal, Don Carlos escaped to See also:

England on the 1st of See also:

JUNE

June 1834 in H.M.S. " See also:

DONEGAL

Donegal." His stay in England was See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short. On the 2nd of See also:

JULY

July he passed over to France, where he was actively aided by the legitimist party, and on the 11thhe joined his partisans at Elizondo in the valley of Bastan, in the western See also:

PYRENEES [Span. Pirineos, Fr. Pyrenees]

Pyrenees. On the 27th of See also:

OCTOBER

October of this See also:

YEAR

year he was deprived of his rights as infante by a royal See also:

DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree, See also:

con-firmed by the See also:

Cortes on the 15th of See also:

JANUARY

January 1837. Don Carlos remained in Spain till the defeat of his party, and then escaped to France on the 14th of September 1839. During these years he accompanied his armies, without displaying any of the qualities of a See also:

general or even much See also:

PERSONAL

personal courage. But he endured a See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

DEAL

deal of hardship, and was often compelled to take to hiding in the hills. On these occasions he was often carried over difficult places on the back of a stout See also:

GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide commonly known as the royal jackass (burro real). The semblance of a See also:

court which he maintained was torn by incessant personal intrigues, and by conflicts between his generals and the ecclesiastics who exercised unbounded See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence over his mind. The defeat of his cause, which had many chances of success, was unquestionably due to a very large extent to his want of capacity, his apathy, and his increasing absorption in practices of puerile piety. His first wife having died in England, Don Carlos married her elder sister, the princess of Beira, in See also:

Biscay in October 1837. After his See also:

FLIGHT

flight from Spain, Don Carlos led a life of increasing insignificance.

He abdicated in May 1845, took a See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of. See also:

MOLINA, LUIS (1535-1600)

Molina, and died at See also:

TRIESTE (Ger. Triest; Slay. Trst; the Roman Tergeste, q.v.)

Trieste on the loth of March 1855. By his first See also:

MARRIAGE

marriage, Don Carlos had three sons, Charles (1818–1861), John (1822–1887), and Ferdinand (1824–1861). Charles succeeded to the claims of his See also:

FATHER

father, and was known to his partisans as Don Carlos VI., but was more commonly known as the count of Montemolin. In 1846, when the marriage of queen Isabella was being negotiated, the See also:

AUSTRIAN

Austrian government endeavoured to arrange an See also:

ALLIANCE

alliance between her and the count of Montemolin. But as he insisted atl the See also:

COMPLETE

complete recognition of his rights, the Spanish government refused to hear of him as a See also:

CANDIDATE

candidate. The Carlists took up arms on his behalf between 1846 and 1848, but the count, who had been expelled from France by the See also:

POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police, did not join them in the See also:

field. In April 186o he and his brother Ferdinand landed at See also:

San Carlos de la Rapita, at the mouth of the See also:

EBRO (anc. Iberus or Hiberus)

Ebro, in company with a See also:

FEATHER (0. Eng. (ether, Ger. Feder, from an Indo-European root seen also in Gr. lrrepov, and aEreo-Oat, to fly)

feather headed officer named Ortega, who held a command in the Balearic islands. They hoped to profit by the fact that the bulk of the Spanish See also:

army was absent in a war with See also:

MOROCCO

Morocco. But no Carlist rising took place. The men who had been brought from the islands by Ortega deserted him. Montemolin and his brother, together with their devoted See also:

PARTISAN, or PARTIZAN

partisan General Elio, who had accompanied them from See also:

EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile, lurked in hiding for a fortnight and were then captured.

Ortega was shot, but the princes saved their lives, and that of Elio, by making an abject surrender of their claims. When he had been allowed to See also:

ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape and had reached See also:

COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne, the count of Montemolin publicly retracted his renunication on the 15th of June, on the ignominious ground that it had been extorted by fear, Montemolin and his brother Ferdinand died within a fortnight of one another in January 1861 without issue. The third brother, John, who had advanced his own claims before his brother's retraction, now came forward as the representative of the legitimist and Carlist cause. As he had shown a disposition to accept liberalism, and to make concessions to the spirit of the See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, he was unpopular with the party. On the 3rd of October 1868 he made a formal renunciation in favour of his son Charles (Don Carlos VII.), who is separately noticed below. See See also:

Hermann See also:

Baumgarten, Geschichte Spaniens (See also:

LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1861); H. See also:

Butler See also:

Clarke, See also:

MODERN

Modern Spain (See also:

Cambridge, 1906), which contains a useful bibliography.

End of Article: CARLOS, DON (1788-1855)

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