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rail. Pop. (1906), 31,783. It is situated 88 ft. above the level of the Adriatic on an almost insular site in the midst of the swampy lagoons of the Mincio. As the See also:

belt of marshy ground along the See also:

south See also:

side can be laid under See also:

WATER

water at See also:

PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure, the site of the city proper, exclusive of the considerable suburbs of Borgo di Fortezza to the See also:

north and Borgo di See also:

San Giorgio to the See also:

east, may still be said to consist, as it formerly did more distinctly, of two islands separated by a narrow channel and See also:

UNITED

united by a number of See also:

bridges. On the See also:

west side lies Lago Superiore, on the east side Lago Inferiore —the boundary between the two being marked by the Argine del Mulino, a See also:

long See also:

mole stretching northward from the north-west See also:

ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle of the city to the citadel. On the highest ground in the city rises the See also:

CATHEDRAL

cathedral, the interior of which was built after his See also:

DEATH

death according to the plans of Giulio Romano; it has See also:

double aisles, a See also:

FINE

fine fretted See also:

CEILING (from a verb " to ceil," i.e. to line or cover; of disputed etymology, but apparently connected with Fr. ciel, Lat. caelum, sky)

ceiling, a See also:

DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome-covered See also:

TRANSEPT (from Lat. trans, across, and septum, enclosure; synonymous terms in other languages are Fr. croisee, nef transversee; Ital. crociata; Ger. Querbau, Quersch&)

transept, a See also:

BAD, BCD

bad .See also:

BAROQUE

baroque See also:

FACADE

facade, and a large unfinished Romanesque See also:

TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower. .Much more important architecturally is the See also:

church of St See also:

ANDREA, GIOVANNI (1275-1348)

Andrea, built towards the See also:

close of the 15th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, after plans by See also:

Leon Battista See also:

Alberti,and consisting of a single, See also:

BARREL (a word of uncertain origin common to Romance languages; the Celtic forms, as in the Gaelic baraill, are derived from the English)

barrel-vaulted See also:

NAVE

nave 350 ft. long by 62 ft. wide. It has a See also:

NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble facade with a deeply recessed See also:

PORTICO (Ital. for " porch," Lat. porticus)

portico, and a See also:

BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick campanile of 1414...

The interior, is decorated with 18th-century frescoes, to which See also:

period the dome also belongs. See also:

MANTEGNA, ANDREA (1431–1506)

Mantegna is buried in one of the side chapels, S. Sebastiano is another See also:

WORK

work of Alberti's. The old ducal See also:

PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace—one of the largest buildings of its See also:

KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind in See also:

EUROPE

Europe was begun in 1302 for Guido Bonaccolsi, and probably completed in 1328 for Ludovico See also:

Gonzaga; but many of the See also:

ACCESSORY

accessory apartments are of much later date, and the See also:

INTERNAL

internal decorations are for the most See also:

PART

part the work of Giulio Romano and his pupils. There are also 'some fine rooms of the See also:

early loth century. ' Close by are the Piazza dell' Erbe, and the Piazza Sordello,. with See also:

GOTHIC

Gothic palaces. The See also:

Castello di See also:

CORTE

Corte here, the old See also:

castle of the Gonzagas (1395-1+406), erected by Bartolino da See also:

NOVARA

Novara, the architect of, the castle of See also:

FERRARA

Ferrara, now contains the archives, and has some fine frescoes by Mantegna with scenes from the See also:

LIFE

life of Ludovico Gonzaga. Outside of the city, to the south of Porta Pusterla, stands the Palazzo del Te, Giulio's architectural masterpiece, erected' for See also:

Frederick Gonzaga in 1523—I535; Of the numerous See also:

FRESCO (Ital. for cool, " fresh ")

fresco-covered See also:

chambers which it contains,• perhaps the most celebrated is the See also:

SALA, GEORGE AUGUSTUS HENRY (1828-1895)

Sala dei Giganti, where, by a See also:

COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of See also:

MECHANICAL

mechanical with See also:

ARTISTIC

artistic devices, the rout of the See also:

TITANS (Gr. Ttraaves)

Titans still contending with See also:

ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery of uptorn rocks against the pursuit and thunderbolts of Jove appears to See also:

rush downwards ' on the spectator. The See also:

ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture of Giulio's own See also:

house in the See also:

TOWN

town is also See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good. Mantua has an See also:

academy of arts and sciences (Accademia Vergiliana), occupying a fine See also:

BUILDING

building erected by Piermarini, a public library founded in 1780 by Maria See also:

THERESA, ST (1515-1582)

Theresa, a museum of antiquities dating from 1779, many of which have been brought from See also:

SABBIONETA

Sabbioneta, a small See also:

RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence town of the Gonzagas in the See also:

LATE

late 16th century, a mineralogical museum, a good botanical See also:

GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden, and an See also:

OBSERVATORY

observatory. There are ironworks, tanneries, breweries, oil-See also:

mills and See also:

FLOUR

flour-mills in the town, which also has See also:

PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing, furriery, See also:

DOLL

doll-making and playing-card See also:

INDUSTRIES

industries. As a fortress Mantua was long one of the most formidable in Europe, a force of See also:

THIRTY

thirty to See also:

FORTY

forty thousand men finding See also:

ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation within its walls; but it had two serious defects—the marshy See also:

CLIMATE

climate told heavily on the See also:

HEALTH

health of the See also:

garrison, and effective sorties were almost impossible.

It lies on the See also:

main See also:

LINE

line of railway between Verona and See also:

MODENA (ancient Mutina)

Modena; and is also connected by rail with See also:

Cremona and with Monselice, on the line from See also:

PADUA (Lat. Patavium ; Ital. Padova)

Padua to See also:

Bologna, and by See also:

steam See also:

TRAMWAY

tramway with See also:

Brescia and other places. S. Maria delle Grazie, See also:

STANDING

standing some 5 M. outside the town, was consecrated in 1399 as an See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of thanksgiving for the cessation of the See also:

PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague, and has a curious collection of ex See also:

VETO (Lat. for " I forbid ")

veto pictures (See also:

wax figures), and also the tombs of the Gonzaga See also:

FAMILY

family. Mantua had still a strong See also:

ETRUSCAN

Etruscan See also:

ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element in its See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population during the See also:

ROMAN

Roman period. It became a Roman See also:

MUNICIPIUM (Lat. munus, a duty or privilege, capere, to take)

municipium, with the See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of Gallia Transpadana; but See also:

MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

Martial calls it little Mantua, and had it not been for See also:

Virgil's See also:

INTEREST

interest in his native See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, and in the See also:

EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion of a number of the Mantuans (and among them the poet himself) from their lands in favour of Octavian's soldiers, we should probably have heard almost nothing of its existence. In 568 the See also:

LOMBARDS, or LANGOBARDI

Lombards found Mantua a walled town of some strength; recovered from their grasp in .590 by the See also:

EXARCH (EEapxos, a chief person or leader)

exarch of See also:

Ravenna, it was again captured by Agilulf in 6ox. The 9th century was the period of episcopal supremacy, and in `the 11th the city formed part of the vast possessions of See also:

BONIFACIO

Bonifacio, See also:

MARQUIS

marquis of See also:

CANOSSA

Canossa. From him it passed to See also:

Geoffrey, See also:

DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

LORRAINE

Lorraine, and afterwards to the countess See also:

Matilda, whose support of the See also:

pope led to the See also:

con-quest of Mantua by the See also:

EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

Henry IV. in 1090. Reduced to obedience by Matilda in 1113, the city obtained its See also:

LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty on her death, and instituted a communal See also:

government of its own, salvo imperiali justitia. It afterwards joined the Lombard See also:

LEAGUE

League; and the unsuccessful attack made by Frederick II. in 1236 brought it a See also:

CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation of its privileges. But after a period of internal discord Ludovico Gonzaga attained to See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power (1328), and was recognized as, imperial See also:

VICAR (Lat. vicarius, substitute)

vicar (1329); and from that See also:

time till the death of Ferdinando See also:

CARBO

Carbo in 17o8 the Gonzagas were masters of Mantua, (see GONZAGA). Under Gian See also:

Francesco IL, the first marquis, Ludovico See also:

IIL, PP

IIL, Gian Francesco III.

(whose wife was See also:

Isabella d'See also:

Este); and Federico II., the first duke of Mantua, the city See also:

rose rapidly into importance as a seat of See also:

INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry and culture. It was stormed and sacked by the Austrians in 1630, and never quite recovered. Claimed in 1708 as a See also:

FIEF

fief of the See also:

EMPIRE

empire by See also:

Joseph L, it was governed for the greater part of the century by the Austrians. In See also:

JUNE

June 1796 it was besieged by See also:

NAPOLEON

Napoleon; but in spite of terrific bombardments it held out till See also:

FEBRUARY

February 1797. 'A three days' See also:

BOMBARDMENT

bombardment in 1799 again placed Mantua in the hands of the Austrians; and, though restored to the See also:

French by the See also:

peace of See also:

LUNEVILLE

Luneville (18o1), it became See also:

AUSTRIAN

Austrian onde more from 1814 till 1866. Between 1849 and 1859, when the whole of Lombardy except Mantua was, by the peace of Villafranca,' ceded to Italy, the city was the See also:

SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of violent See also:

POLITICAL

political persecution. See Gaet. Susani, Nuovo prospetto delle ¢iitture, di'Mantbtia (Mantua, 183o); Carlo d'Arco, Delle arti e degli arlefieidi Mantova (Mantua, 1857) ; and Storia di Mantova (Mantua, 1874). MA'IU (See also:

SANSKRIT

Sanskrit, " See also:

man "), in See also:

HINDU

Hindu See also:

MYTHOLOGY

mythology, the first man, ancestor of the See also:

WORLD

world. In the Satapatha-See also:

BRAHMANA

Brahmana he is represented as a See also:

HOLY

holy man, the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief figure in a See also:

flood-myth. Warned by a See also:

fish of the impending disaster he, built a See also:

SHIP

ship, and when the See also:

WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters rose was dragged by the fish, which he harnessed to his See also:

CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft, beyond the See also:

NORTHERN

northern mountains. When the See also:

DELUGE, THE (through the Fr. from Lat. diluvium, flood, diluere, to wash away)

deluge ceased, a daughter was miraculously See also:

BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born to him and this pair became the ancestors of the human See also:

RACE

race..

In the later scriptures the fish is declared an incarnation of Brahma. See SANSKRIT LITERATURE; See also:

INDIAN

INDIAN See also:

LAW (Hindu).

End of Article: MANTUA (Ital. Mantova)

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