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LORRAINE
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LORRAINE , one of the former provinces of See also:France. The name has designated different districts in different periods. Lotharingia, or Lothringen, i.e. regnum Lotharii, is derived from the Lotharingi or Lotharienses (O.G. Lotheringen, Fr. Loherains, Lorrains), a See also:term applied originally to the Frankish subjects of See also:Lothair, but restricted at the end of the 9th See also:century to those who dwelt See also:north of the See also:southern See also:Vosges.
Lorraine in See also:Medieval Times.—The See also:original See also:kingdom of Lorraine was the See also:northern See also:part of the territories allotted by the treaty of See also:Verdun (See also:August 843) to the See also:emperor Lothair I., and in 855 formed the See also:inheritance of his second son, See also: Bruno had to contend against the efforts of the last See also:Carolingians of France to make See also:good their claims on Lorraine, as well as against the spirit of See also:independence exhibited by the Lotharingian nobles; and his attempts to raze certain castles built by brigand lords and to compel them to respect their See also:oath of fidelity resulted in serious.See also:sedition. To obviate these difficulties Bruno divided the ducal authority, assigning See also:Lower Lorraine to a certain See also:Duke See also:Godfrey, who was styled See also:dux Ripuariorum, and Upper Lorraine to See also:Frederick (d. 959), See also:count of See also:Bar, a member of the See also:house of Ardenne and son-in-See also:law of See also:Hugh the See also:Great, with the See also:title of dux Mosellanorum; and it is probable that the See also:partition of the See also:ancient kingdom of Lorraine into two new duchies was confirmed by Otto after Bruno's See also:death in 965. In 977 the emperor Otto II. gave the government of Lower Lorraine to See also: On the death of Gothelon in 1046, Godfrey endeavoured to take Upper Lorraine from See also:Albert of Alsace, to whom it had been granted by the emperor Henry III. The attempt, however, also failed; and Godfrey was for some time deprived of his own duchy of Lower Lorraine in favour of Frederick of See also:Luxemburg. Godfrey took part in the struggles of See also:Pope See also:Leo IX. against the See also:Normans in See also:Italy, and in 1053 married See also:Beatrice, daughter of Duke Frederick of Upper Lorraine and widow of See also:Boniface, See also:margrave of See also:Tuscany. On the death of Frederick of Luxemburg in Io65 the emperor Henry IV. restored the duchy of Lower Lorraine to Godfrey, who retained it till his death in 1069, when he was succeeded by his son Godfrey the Hunchback (d. 1076), after whose death Henry IV. gave the duchy to Godfrey of See also:Bouillon, the See also:hero of the first crusade, son of Eustace, count of See also:Boulogne, and See also:Ida, See also:sister of Godfrey the Hunchback. On the death of Godfrey of Bouillon in Imo Lower Lorraine was given to Henry, count of See also:Limburg. The new duke supported the emperor Henry IV. in his struggles with his sons, and in consequence was deposed by the emperor Henry V., who gave the duchy in i ro6 to Godfrey, count of See also:Louvain, a descendant of the Lotharingian dukes of the beginning of the loth century. This Godfrey was the first hereditary duke of See also:Brabant, as the dukes of Lower Lorraine came to be called. Upper Lorraine.—The duchy of Upper Lorraine, or Lorraine Mosellana, to which the name of Lorraine was restricted from the Iith century, consisted of a See also:tract of undulating See also:country watered by the upper course of the Meuse and Moselle, and bounded N. by the See also:Ardennes, S. by the table-See also:land of See also:Langres, E. by the Vosges and W. by Champagne. Its See also:principal fiefs were the countship of Bar which Otto the Great gave in 951 to Count Frederick of Ardenne, and which passed in 1093 to the lords of See also:Montbeliard; the countship of Chiny, formed at the endof the loth century, of which, since the 13th, Montmedy was the See also:capital; the lordship of See also:Commercy, whose rulers See also:bore the See also:special title of damoiseau, and which passed in the 13th century to the house of Saarebriicken; and, finally the three important ecclesiastical lordships of the bishops of See also:Metz, See also:Toul and Verdun. See also:Theodoric, or Thierri (d. 1026), son of Frederick, count of Bar and first duke of Upper Lorraine, was involved in a See also:war with the emperor Henry II., a war principally remarkable for the See also:siege of Metz (1007). After having been the See also:object of numerous attempts on the part of the dukes of Lower Lorraine, Upper Lorraine was given by the emperor Henry III. to Albert of Alsace, and passed in 1048 to Albert's brother See also:Gerard, who died by See also:poison in ro6g, and who was the ancestor of the hereditary house of Lorraine. Until the 15th century the representatives of the hereditary house were Theodoric II., called the Valiant (1069-1115), See also:Simon (1115–1139), See also:Matthew(1139-1176), Simon II. (1176–1205), See also:Ferri I. (1205–1206), Ferri II. (12o6–1213), See also:Theobald (See also:Thibaut) I. (1213–1220), Matthew II. (1220-1251), Ferri III. (1251-1304), Theobald II. (1304–1312), Ferri IV., called the Struggler (1312–1328), See also:Rudolph, or Raoul (1328–1346), See also: See also:Blanche of See also:Navarre, succeeded in forming against the duke of Lorraine a See also:coalition consisting of the count of Bar and the emperor Frederick II., who had become embroiled with Theobald over the question of Rosheim in Alsace. Attacked by the emperor, the duke of Lorraine was forced at the treaty of Amance (1218) to acknowledge himself the vassal of the count of Champagne, and to support the count in his struggles against his ancient ally the count of Bar. The See also:long government of Ferri III. was mainly occupied with wars against the feudal lords and the See also:bishop of Metz, which resulted in giving an impulse to the municipal See also:movement through Ferri's attempt to use the movement as a weapon against the nobles. The See also:majority of the municipal charters of Lorraine were derived from the See also:charter of See also:Beaumont in See also:Argonne, which was at first extended to the See also:Barrois and was granted by Ferri, in spite of the hostility of his barons, to La Neuveville in 1257, to Frouard in 1263 and to See also:Luneville in 1265. In the See also: John's son and successor, See also:Nicholas (d. 1473), who supported the duke of See also:Burgundy, Charles the Bold, against the king of France, died without See also:children, and his heir was Rene, son of Frederick of Vaudemont. The duke of Burgundy, however, disputed this inheritance, and carried off the young ' Rene and his See also:mother, but on the intervention of Louis XI. had to set them at liberty. Rene helped the Swiss during their wars with Charles the Bold, who invaded Lorraine and was killed under the walls of See also:Nancy (1477). Rene's last years were mainly spent in expeditions in See also:Provence and Italy. He died in 15o8, leaving by his second wife three sons—Anthony, called the Good, who succeeded him; See also:Claude, count (and afterwards duke) of See also:Guise, the ancestor of the house of Guise; and John (d. 1550), known as the See also:cardinal of Lorraine. Anthony, who was declared of See also:age at his See also:father's death by the estates of Lorraine, although his mother had tried to 'seize the See also:power as regent, had been brought up from the age of twelve at the See also:French See also:court, where he became the friend of Louis XIl., whom he accompanied on his See also:Italian expeditions. In 1525 he had to defend Lorraine against the revolted Alsatian peasants known as rustauds (boors), whom he defeated at Lupstein and Scherweiler; and he succeeded in maintaining a neutral position in the struggle between See also:Francis I. of France and the emperor Charles V. He died on the 14th of See also:June r 544, and was succeeded by his son Francis I., who died of See also:apoplexy (August 1545) at the very moment when he was negotiating See also:peace between the king of France and the emperor. Lorraine in See also:Modern Times.—Francis's son Charles III. or II., called the Great, succeeded under the tutelage of his mother and Nicholas of Vaudemont, bishop of Metz. Henry II. of France took this opportunity to invade Lorraine, and in 1552 seized the three bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun. In the same year the emperor laid siege to Metz, but was forced to See also:retreat with heavy loss before the energetic resistance of Duke Francis of Guise. On leaving Lorraine, Henry II. took Charles to France, brought him up at the court and married him to his daughter Claude. After the See also:accession of Francis II., the young duke returned to Lorraine, and, while his See also:cousins the Guises . endeavoured to make good the claims of the house of Lorraine to the See also:crown of France by virtue of its descent from the Carolingians through Charles, the son of Louis d'Outremer, he devoted himself mainly to improving the See also:administration of his duchy. He reconstituted his domain by revoking the alienations irregularly granted by his predecessors, instructed his chambre See also:des comptes to See also:institute inquiries on this subject, and endeavoured to ameliorate the condition of See also:industry and See also:commerce by re-organizing the working of the mines and saltworks, unifying weights and See also:measures and promulgating edicts against vagabonds. His duchy suffered considerably from the passage of German bands on their way to help the Protestants in France, and also from disturbances caused by the progress of Calvinism, especially in the neighbourhood of the three bishoprics. To combat Calvinism Charles had recourse to the See also:Jesuits, whom he established at See also:Pont-a Mousson, and to whom he gave over the university he had founded in that See also:town in 1572. To this See also:foundation he soon added. chairs of See also:medicine and law, the first See also:professor of See also:civil law being the m¢ilre des requeetes, the Scotsman See also: Charles's See also:breach of this treaty led to a renewal of hostilities, and the French troops occupied St Mihiel, Bar-le-duc, Pont-a-Mousson and Nancy, which the duke was forced to cede for four years (1633). In 1632, by the treaty of Liverdun, he had already had to abandon the fortresses of Stenay and Clermont in Argonne. On the 19th of See also:January 1634 he abdicated in favour of his younger brother Francis Nicholas, cardinal of
Lorraine, and withdrew to Germany, the See also:parlement of See also:Paris declaring him guilty of See also:rebellion and confiscating his estates. After vain attempts to regain his estates with the help of the emperor, he decided to negotiate with France; and the treaty of St Germain (29th of See also: On the 18th of See also:September 1675 died this adventurous prince, who, as See also:Voltaire said, passed his life in losing his estates. His brother Francis, in favour of whom he had abdicated, was a cardinal at the age of nineteen and subsequently bishop of Toul, although he had never taken orders. He obtained a See also:dispensation to marry his See also:cousin, Claude of Lorraine, and died in 167o. He had one son, Charles, who in 1675 took the title of duke of Lorraine and was recognized by all the See also:powers except France. After an unsuccessful attempt to seize Lorraine in 1676, Charles vainly solicited the See also:throne of See also:Poland, took an active part in the wars in See also:Hungary, and married Eleanor of See also:Austria, sister of' the emperor See also:Leopold I., in 1678. At the treaty of See also:Nijmwegen France proposed to restore his estates on condition that he should abandon a part of them; but Charles refused, and passed the See also:rest of his life in Austria, where he took part in the wars against the See also:Turks, whom he defeated at Mohacz (1687). He died in 1690. Leopold, Charles's son and successor, was restored to his estates by the treaty of See also:Ryswick (1697), but had to dismantle all the fortresses in Lorraine and to disband his army with the exception of his guard. Under his See also:rule Lorraine flourished. While diminishing the taxes, he succeeded in augmenting his revenues by See also:wise See also:economy. The See also:population increased enormously during his reign—that of Nancy, for instance, almost trebling itself between the years 1699 and 1735. Leopold welcomed French immigrants, and devoted himself to the development of commerce and industry, particularly to the manufacture of stuffs and See also:lace, See also:glass and See also:paper. He was responsible, too, for the compilation of a See also:body of law which was known as the See also:Code Leopold." Some time after his death, which occurred on the 27th of March 1729, his heir Francis III. was betrothed to Maria See also:Theresa of Austria, the daughter and heiress of the emperor Charles VI. France, however, could not admit the possibility of a See also:union of Lorraine with the Empire; and in 1735, at the preliminaries of See also:Vienna, Louis XV. negotiated an arrangement by which Francis received the duchy of Tuscany, which was vacant by the death of the last See also:Medici, in See also:exchange for Lorraine, and See also:Stanislaus Leszczynski, the dethroned king of Poland and father-in-law of Louis XV., obtained Lorraine, which after his death would pass to his daughter—in other words, to France. These arrangements were confirmed by the treaty of Vienna (18th of November 1738). In 1736, by a secret agree-, ment, Stanislaus had abandoned the See also:financial administration of his estates to Louis XV. for a yearly See also:subsidy. The See also:intendant, Chaumont de la Galaiziere, was instructed to apply the French See also:system of See also:taxation in Lorraine; and in spite of the severity of the administration Lorraine preserved a grateful memory of the good king Stanislaus, who held his brilliant little court at Luneville, and founded an See also:academy and several See also:libraries and hospitals. At his death in February 1766 the two duchies of Lorraine and Bar became definitively incorporated in the kingdom of France. The See also:treaties of 1735 and 1736, however, guaranteed their legislation, the privileges enjoyed by the three orders, and their See also:common law and customs tariffs, which they retained until the French Revolution. Lorraine and Barrois formed a large government corresponding, together with the little government of the three bishoprics, to the intendance of Lorraine and the generalite of Metz. For legal purposes, Metz had been the seat of a parlement since 1633, and the parlement of Nancy was created in 1776. There was, too, a chambre des comptes at Metz, and another at Bar-le-duc. (For the later history see ALSACE-LORRAINE.) See Dom. A. See also:Calmet, Histoire ecclesiastique et civile de Lorraine (2nd ed., Nancy, 1J]47–1957) ; A. Digot, Histoire de Lorraine (1899–188o) ; E. Huhn, &eschichte Lothringens (See also:Berlin, 1877) ; R. Parisot, Le Royaume de Lorraine sous See also:les Carolingiens (Paris, 1899) ; Comte D'See also:Haussonville, Histoire de la See also:reunion de la Lorraine d la France (2nd ed., Paris, 186o); E. Bonvalot, Histoire du See also:droit et des institutions de la Lorraine et des Trois-Eveches (Paris, 1895) ; and E. Duvernoy, Les Etats Generaux des duches de Lorraine et de Bar jusqu'd la majoriti de Charles III. (Paris, 1904), (R. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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