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See also: BASEL, See also:COUNCIL OF . A See also:decree of the council of See also:Constance (9th of See also:October 1417) sanctioned by See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
Martin V. had obliged the papacy periodically to summon See also:general See also:councils. At the expiry of the first See also:term fixed by this decree, Martin V. did, in fact, See also:call together at See also:Pavia a council, which it was necessary to See also:transfer almost at once to See also:Siena,.owing to an epidemic, and which had to be dissolved owing to circumstances still imperfectly known, just as it was beginning to discuss the subject of reform (1424).
The next council was due to assemble at the expiry of seven years, i.e. in 1431; with his usual punctuality, Martin V. duly convoked it' for this date to the See also:town of Basel, and selected to preside over it the See also:cardinal See also:Julian Cesarini, a See also:man of the greatest See also:worth, both intellectually and morally. Martin himself, however, died before the opening of the See also:synod.
From See also:Italy, See also:France and See also:Germany the fathers were slow in appearing at Basel. Cesarini devoted all his energies to the See also:war against the See also:Hussites, until the disaster of Taus forced him hastily to evacuate Bohemia. The progress of See also:heresy, the reported troubles in Germany, the war which had lately broken out between the See also:dukes of See also:Austria and See also:Burgundy, and finally, the small number of fathers who had responded to the See also:summons of Martin V., caused that pontiff's successor, See also:Eugenius IV., to think that the synod of Basel was doomed to certain failure. This See also:opinion, added to the See also:desire which he had of himself pre-siding over the council, induced him to recall the fathers from Germany, whither his See also:health, impaired of See also:late, probably owing to a cerebral congestion, rendered it all the more difficult for him to go. He commanded the fathers to disperse, and appointed See also:Bologna as their See also:- MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)
meeting-See also:place in eighteen months' See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, his intention being to make the session of the council coincide with some conferences with representatives of the See also:Greek See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church, which were to be held there with a view to See also:union (18th See also:December 1431).
This See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order led to an outcry among the fathers of Basel and incurred the deep disapproval of the See also:legate Cesarini. The Hussites, it was said, would think that the Church was afraid to See also:face them; the laity would accuse the See also:clergy of shirking reform; in See also:short, this failure of the councils would produce disastrous effects.
In vain did the See also: pope explain his reasons and yield certain points; the fathers would listen to nothing, and, relying on the decrees of the council of Constance, which amid the troubles of the See also:schism had proclaimed the superiority, in certain cases, of the council over the pope, they insisted upon their right of remaining assembled, hastily See also:beat up the laggards, held sessions, promulgated decrees, interfered in the See also:government of the papal countship of Venaissin, treated with the Hussites, and, as representatives of 'the universal Church, presumed to impose See also:laws upon the See also:sovereign pontiff himself. Eugenius IV. resolved to resist this supremacy, though he did not dare openly to repudiate a very widespread See also:doctrine considered by many to be the actual See also:foundation of the authority of the popes before the schism. However, he soon realized the impossibility of treating the fathers of Basel as See also:ordinary rebels, and tried a See also:compromise; but as time went on, the fathers became more and more intractable, and between him and them gradually arose an impassable barrier.
Abandoned by a number of his cardinals, condemned by most of the See also:powers, deprived of his dominions by condottieri who shamelessly invoked the authority of the council, the pope made concession after concession, and ended on the 15th of December 1433 by a pitiable surrender of all the points at issue in a See also:bull, the terms of which were dictated by the fathers of Basel, that is, by declaring his bull of See also:dissolution null and void, and recognizing that the synod had not ceased to be legitimately assembled. It would be wrong, however, to believe that Eugenius IV. ratified all the decrees coming from Basel, or that he made a definite submission to the supremacy of the council. No See also:express pronouncement on this subject could be wrung from him, and his enforced silence concealed the See also:secret See also:design of safeguarding the principle of See also:sovereignty.
The fathers, who were filled with suspicion, would only allow the legates of the pope to preside over them on See also:condition of their recognizing the superiority of the council; the legates ended by submitting to this humiliating formality, but in their own name only, thus reserving the See also:judgment of the See also:Holy See. See also:Nay more, the difficulties of all kinds against which Eugenius had to contend, the insurrection at See also:Rome, which forced him to See also:- ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli
escape by the See also:Tiber, lying in the bottom of a See also:boat, See also:left him at first little See also:chance of resisting the enterprises of the council. Emboldened by their success, the fathers approached the subject of reform, their See also:principal See also:object being to curtail the See also:power and resources of the papacy. This is why, besides the disciplinary
See also:measures measures which regulated the elections, the celebration of divine service, the periodical holding of diocesan synods and provincial councils, are found also decrees aimed at some of the " rights " by which the popes had extended their power, and helped out their finances at the expense of the See also:local churches. Thus See also:annates (q.v.) were abolished, the abuse of " See also:reservation" of the See also:patron-See also:age of benefices by the pope was much limited, and the right claimed by the pope of " next presentation " to benefices not yet vacant (known as gratiae expectativae) was done away with altogether. By other decrees the See also:jurisdiction of the See also:court of Rome was much limited, and rules were even made for the See also:election of popes and the constitution of the Sacred See also:College.
The fathers continued to devote themselves to the subjugation of the Hussites; they also intervened, in rivalry with the pope, in the negotiations between France and See also: England which led only to the treaty of See also:Arras, concluded by See also:Charles VII. with the See also:duke of Burgundy; finally, they investigated and judged See also:numbers of private cases, lawsuits between prelates, members of religious orders and holders of benefices, thus themselves falling into one of the serious abuses for which they had most blanled the court of Rome.
The democratic See also:character of the See also:assembly of Basel was the result both of its See also:composition and of its organization; not only was the number of prelates in it always small in comparison with that of the doctors, masters, representatives of chapters, monks or clerks of inferior orders, but the See also:influence of the See also:superior clergy had all the less See also:weight because, instead of being separated into " nations," as at Constance, the fathers divided themselves according to their tastes or aptitudes into four large committees or "deputations" (deputationes), one concerned with questions of faith (fadei), another with negotiations for See also:peace (pads), the third with reform (reformatorii), the See also:fourth with what they called " See also:common concerns " (See also:pro communibus). Every decision made by three of these " deputations "—and in each of them the See also:lower clergy formed the majority—was ratified for the See also:sake of See also:form in general See also:congregation, and if necessary led to decrees promulgated in session. It was on this See also:account that the council could sometimes be called, not without exaggeration, " an assembly of copyists " or even " a set of grooms and scullions."
Eugenius IV., however much he may have wished to keep on See also:good terms with the fathers of Basel, was neither able nor willing to accept or observe all their decrees. The question of the union with the Greek church, especially, gave rise to a misunderstanding between them which soon led to a rupture. The See also:emperor See also:John See also:Palaeologus, pressed hard by the See also:Turks, showed a See also:great desire to unite himself with the Catholics; he consented to come with the principal representatives of the Greek church to some place in the See also:west where the union could be concluded in the presence of the pope and of the Latin council. Hence arose a See also:double negotiation between him and Eugenius IV. on the one See also:hand and the fathers of Basel on the other. The See also:chief object of the latter was to See also:fix the meeting-place at a place remote from the influence of the pope, and they persisted in suggesting Basel or See also:Avignon or See also:Savoy, which neither Eugenius nor the Greeks would on any account accept. The result was that Palaeologus accepted the offers of the pope, who, by a bull dated the 18th of See also:September 1437, again pronounced the dissolution of the council of Basel, and summoned the fathers to See also:Ferrara, where on the 8th of See also:January 1438 he opened a new synod which he later transferred to. See also:Florence. In this latter town took place the momentary union, which was more apparent than real, between the Latin and the Greek church (6th See also:July 1439). During this time the council of Basel, though abandoned by Cesarini and most of its members, persisted none the less, under the See also:presidency of Cardinal See also:Aleman, in affirming its See also:oecumenical character.
On the 24th of January 1438 it suspended Eugenius IV., and went on in spite of the intervention of most of the powers to pronounce his deposition (25th See also: June 1439), finally giving rise to a new schism by electing on the 4th of See also:November Amadeus VIII., duke of Savoy, as pope, who took the name of See also:Felix V.
This schism lasted fully ten years, although the antipope foundhardly any adherents outside of his own hereditary states, those of See also:Alphonso of See also:Aragon, of the Swiss See also:confederation and certain .See also:universities. Germany remained neutral; Charles VII. of France confined himself to securing to his See also:kingdom by the Pragmatic See also:Sanction of See also:Bourges, which became See also:law on the 13th of July 1438, the benefit of a great number of the reforms. decreed a t Basel; England and Italy remained faithful to Eugenius IV. Finally, in 1447 See also:Frederick III., See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of the See also:Romans, after negotiations with Eugenius, commanded the burgomaster of Basel not to allow the presence of the council any longer in the imperial See also:city. In June 1448 the rump of the council migrated to See also:Lausanne. The antipope, at the instance of France, ended by abdicating (7th See also:April 1449). Eugenius IV. died on the 23rd of See also:February 1447, and the fathers of Lausanne, to See also:save appearances, gave their support to his successor, See also:Nicholas V., who had already been governing the Church for two years. Trustworthy See also:evidence, they said, proved to them that this pontiff accepted the See also:dogma of the superiority of the council as it had been defined at See also:Con-stance and at Basel. In reality, the struggle which they had carried on in See also:defence of this principle for seventeen years, with a'good faith which it is impossible to ignore, ended in a defeat. The papacy, which had been so fundamentally shaken by the great schism of the West, came through this trial victorious. The era of the great councils of the 15th See also:century was closed; the constitution of the Church remained monarchical.
AurHoxlTIEs.—Mansi, vol. See also:xxix.-xxxi.; See also:Aeneas Sylvius, De See also:rebus Basileae gestis (Fetmo, 1803); See also:Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, vol. vii.
(See also: Freiburg-See also:im-See also:Breisgau, 1874) ; O. See also:Richter, See also:Die Organisation and Geschaftsordnung See also:des Baseler Konzils (See also:Leipzig, 1877) ; Monumenta Conciliorum generalium seculi xv., Scriptorum, vol. i., ii. and iii. (See also:Vienna, 1857-1895) ; J. See also:Haller, Concilium Basiliense, vol. i.–v. (Basel,-1896-19o4) ; G. Perouse, Le Cardinal See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis Aleman, residentt du concile de See also:Bale (See also:Paris, 1904). Much useful material will also be found in J. C. L. See also:Gieseler's Ecclesiastical See also:History, vol. iv. p. 312, &c., notes (Eng. trans., See also:Edinburgh, 1853). (N.
End of Article: BASEL, COUNCIL OF
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