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HAUSSONVILLE, JOSEPH OTHENIN BERNARD ...

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Originally appearing in Volume V13, Page 73 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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HAUSSONVILLE, See also:JOSEPH OTHENIN See also:BERNARD DE CLERON, See also:COMTE D' (1809–1884), See also:French politician and historian, was See also:born in See also:Paris on the 27th of May 1809. His grandfather had been " See also:grand louvetier " of See also:France; his See also:father See also:Charles See also:Louis Bernard de Cleron, comte d'Haussonville (1770–1846), was See also:chamberlain at the See also:court of See also:Napoleon, a See also:count of the. French See also:empire, and under the Restoration a peer of France and an opponent of the See also:Villele See also:ministry. Comte Joseph had filled a See also:series of See also:diplomatic appointments at See also:Brussels, See also:Turin and See also:Naples before he entered the chamber of deputies in 1842 for See also:Provins. Under the Second Empire he published a liberal See also:anti-imperial See also:paper at Brussels, Le Bulletin See also:francais, and in 1863 he actively supported the candidature of See also:Prevost Paradol. He was elected to the French See also:Academy in 1869, in recognition of his See also:historical writings, Histoire de la politique exterieure du gouvernement frangais de 1830 a 1848 (2 vols., 1850), Histoire de la See also:reunion de la See also:Lorraine a la France (4 vols., 1854–18J9), L'Eglise romaine et le premier empire 1800–1814 (5 vols., 1864–1879). In 1870 he published a pamphlet directed against the Prussian treatment of France, La France et la Prusse devant l'See also:Europe, the See also:sale of which was prohibited in See also:Belgium at the See also:request of See also:King See also:William of See also:Prussia. He was the See also:president of an association formed to provide new homes in See also:Algeria for the inhabitants of See also:Alsace-Lorraine who elected to retain their French See also:nationality. In 1878 he was made a See also:life-senator, in which capacity he allied himself with the Right Centre in See also:defence of the religious associations against the anti-clericals. He died in Paris on the 28th of May 1884. His wife See also:Louise (1818–1882), a daughter of Duc See also:Victor de See also:Broglie, published in 1858 a novel See also:Robert See also:Emmet, followed by See also:Marguerite de See also:Valois reine de See also:Navarre (1870), La Jeunesse de See also:Lord See also:Byron (1872), and See also:Les Dernieres Amities de Lord Byron (1874). His son, See also:GABRIEL See also:PAUL OTHENIN DE CLERON, comte d'Haussonville, was born at Gurcy de Chatel (See also:Seine-et-See also:Marne) on the 21st of See also:September 1843, and married in 1865 Mlle Pauline d'See also:Harcourt.

He represented Seine-et-Marne in the See also:

National See also:Assembly (1871) and voted with the Right Centre. Though he-was not elected to the chamber of deputies he became the right-See also:hand See also:man of his maternal See also:uncle, the due de Broglie, in the attempted coup of the 16th of May. His Etablissenzents penitentiaires en France et aux colonies (1875) was crowned by the Academy, of which he was admitted a member in 1888. In 1891 the resignation of See also:Henri Edouard See also:Bucher from the See also:administration of the See also:Orleans estates led to the See also:appointment of M d'Haussonville as accredited representative of the comte de Paris in France. He at once set to See also:work to strengthen the Orleanist party by recruiting from the smaller See also:nobility the officials of the See also:local monarchical committees. He established HAUTE-See also:GARONNE-HAUTE-MARNE new Orleanist See also:organs, and sent out lecturers with instructions to emphasize the See also:modern and democratic principles of the comte de Paris; but the prospects of the party were dashed in 1894 by the See also:death of the comte de Paris. In 1904 he was admitted to the Academy of Moral and See also:Political See also:Science. The comte d'Ilaussonvilie published :—C. A. Sainte-Beuve, 4F See also:vie et scs ceases (1875), Etudes biographigues ct litteraires, 2 series (1879 and 1888), Lc See also:Salon de Mme See also:Necker (1882, 2 vols.), Madame de La Fayette (1891), Madame See also:Ackerman (1892), Le Comte de Paris, souvenirs personnels (1S95), La Duchesse de Bourgogne ct l'ulliance savoyarde (1898-1903), Salaire et miseres de femme (1600), and, with G. See also:Hanotaux, Souvenirs sur Madame de 3laintenon (3 vols., 1902-1904). HAUTE-GARONNE, a frontier See also:department of See also:south-western France, formed in 1790 from portions of the provinces of La nguedoc(Toulousain and Lauraguais) and See also:Gascony(Comminges and Nebouzan).

Pop. (1906), 442,065. See also:

Area, 2458 sq. m. It is bounded N. by the department of See also:Tarn-et-Garonne, E. by Tarn, See also:Aude and See also:Ariege, S. by See also:Spain and W. by See also:Gers and Hautes-See also:Pyrenees. See also:Long and narrow in shape, the department consists in the See also:north of an undulating stretch of See also:country with continual interchange of See also:hill and valley nowhere thrown into striking See also:relief; while towards the south the See also:land rises gradually to the Pyrenees, which on the See also:Spanish border attain heights of upwards of 1o,000 ft. Two passes, the See also:Port d'Oo, near the beautiful See also:lake and See also:waterfall of Oo, and the Port de Venasque, exceed 9800 and 7900 ft. in See also:altitude respectively. Entering the department in the south-See also:east, the Garonne flows in a northerly direction and traverses almost its entire length, receiving in its course the Pique, the Salat, the Louge, the Ariege, the See also:Touch and the See also:Save. Except in the mountainous region the See also:climate is mild, the mean See also:annual temperature being rather higher than that of Paris. The rainfall, which averages 24 in. at See also:Toulouse, exceeds 40 in. in some parts of the mountains; and sudden and destructive inundations of the Garonne—of which that of 1895 is a celebrated example--are always to be feared. The valley of the Garonne is also frequently visited by severe See also:hail-storms. Thick forests of See also:oak, See also:fir and See also:pine exist in the mountains and furnish See also:timber for See also:shipbuilding. The arable land of the plains and valleys is well adapted for the cultivation of See also:wheat, See also:maize and other See also:grain crops; and the produce of cereals is generally much more than is required for the local See also:consumption.

See also:

Market-gardening flourishes around Toulouse. A large area is occupied by vineyards, though the See also:wine is only of See also:medium quality; and chestnuts, apples and peaches are grown. As pasture land is abundant a See also:good See also:deal of See also:attention is given to the rearing of See also:cattle and See also:sheep, and co-operative dairies are numerous in the mountains; but de-forestation has tended to reduce the area of pasture-land, because the See also:soil, unretained by the roots of trees, has been gradually washed away. Haute-Garonne has deposits of See also:zinc and See also:lead, and See also:salt-workings; there is an See also:ancient and active See also:marble-working See also:industry at St See also:Beat. See also:Mineral springs are See also:common, those of Bagneres-de-Luchon Encausse, Barbazan and Salies-du-Salat being well known. The manufactures are various though not individually extensive, and include See also:iron and See also:copper goods, woollen, See also:cotton and See also:linen goods, See also:leather, paper, boots and shoes, See also:tobacco and table delicacies. See also:Flour-See also:mills, iron-See also:works and See also:brick-works are numerous. Railway communication is furnished by the See also:Southern and the Orleans See also:railways, the See also:main See also:line of the former from See also:Bordeaux to See also:Cette passing through Toulouse. The See also:Canal du Midi traverses the department for 32 M. and the lateral canal of the Garonne for 15 m. The Garonne is navigable below its confluence with the Salat. There are four arrondissements—Toulouse, Villefranche, Muret and St Gaudens, subdivided into 39 cantons and 588 communes. The See also:chief See also:town is Toulouse, which is the seat of a court of See also:appeal and of an See also:archbishop, the headquarters of the XVllth See also:army See also:corps and the centre of an academy; and St Gaudens, Bagneres-de-Luchon and, from an architectural and historical standpoint, St See also:Bertrand-de-Comminges are of importance and receive See also:separate treatment.

Other places of See also:

interest are St Aventin,Montsaunes and Venerque, which possess ancient churches in the Romanesque See also:style. Thechurch of St Just at Valcabrere is of still greater See also:age, the See also:choir dating from the 8th or 9th See also:century and See also:part of the See also:nave from the lrth century. There are ruins of a celebrated Cistercian See also:abbey at Bonnefont near St Martory. Gallo-See also:Roman remains and works of See also:art have been discovered at Martres. Near Revel is the See also:fine See also:reservoir of St Ferreol, constructed for the canal du Midi in the 17th century. HAUTE-See also:LOIRE, a department of central France, formed in 1790 of Velay and portions of Vivarais and Gevaudan, three districts formerly belonging to the old See also:province of See also:Languedoc, of a portion of Forez formerly belonging to Lyonnais, and a portion of See also:lower See also:Auvergne. Pop. (1906), 314,770 Area, 1931 sq. m. It is hounded N. by See also:Puy-de-See also:Dome and Loire, E. by Loire and See also:Ardeche, S. by Ardeche and See also:Lozere and W. by Lozere and See also:Cantal. Haute-Loire, which is situated on the central See also:plateau of France, is traversed from north to south by four See also:mountain ranges. Its highest point, the Mont Mezenc (5755 ft.), in the south-east of the department, belongs to the mountains of Vivarais, which are continued along the eastern border by the Boutieres See also:chain. The Lignon divides the Boutieres from the See also:Massif du M6gal, which is separated by the Loire itself from the mountains of Velay, a granitic range overlaid with the eruptions of more than one See also:hundred and fifty craters.

The Margeride mountains run along the western border of the department. The Loire enters the department at a point 16 m. distant from its source in Ardeche, and first flowing northwards and then north-east, See also:

waters its eastern See also:half. The See also:Allier, which joins the Loire at See also:Nevers, traverses the western portion of Haute-Loire in a northerly direction. The chief affluents of the Loire within the limits of the department are the See also:Borne on the See also:left, joining it near Le Puy, and the Lignon, which descends from the Mezenc, between the Boutieres and 11 legal ranges, on the right. The climate, owing to the altitude, the northward direction of the valleys, and the winds from the See also:Cevennes, is See also:cold, the winters being long and rigorous. Storms and violent rains are frequent on the higher grounds, and would give rise to serious inundations were not the See also:rivers for the most part confined within deep rocky channels. Cereals, chiefly See also:rye, oats, See also:barley and wheat, are cultivated in the lowlands and on the plateaus, on which aromatic and medicinal See also:plants are abundant. Lentils, peas, mangel-wurzels and other See also:forage and potatoes are also grown. Horned cattle belong principally to the Mezenc breed; goats are numerous. The See also:woods yield pine, fir, oak and See also:beech. See also:Lace-making, which employs about 90,000 See also:women, and See also:coal-See also:mining are main See also:industries; the coal basins are those of Brassac and Langeac. There are also mines of See also:antimony and See also:stone-quarries.

See also:

Silk-milling, caoutchouc-making, various kinds of See also:smith's work, paper-making, See also:glass-blowing, See also:brewing, See also:wood-sawing and flour-milling are also carried on. The See also:principal imports are flour, See also:brandy,wine, live-stock, lace-See also:thread and agricultural implements. Exports include See also:fat stock, See also:wool, aromatic plants, coal, lace. The department is served chiefly by the Paris-See also:Lyon-Mediterranee See also:company. There are three arrondissements—Le Puy, See also:Brioude and Yssingeaux, with 28 cantons and 265 communes. Haute-Loire forms the See also:diocese of Le Puy and part of the ecclesiastical province of See also:Bourges, and belongs to the academie (educational See also:division) of Clermont-See also:Ferrand. Its court of appeal is at See also:Riom. Le Puy the See also:capital, Brioude and La See also:Chaise-Dieu the principal towns of the department, receive separate treatment. It has some notable churches, of which those of Chamalieres, St Paulien and Sainte-See also:Marie-See also:des-Chazes are Romanesque in style; Le Monastier preserves the See also:church,in part Romanesque, and the buildings of the abbey to which it owes its origin. Arlempdes and Bouzols (near Coubon) have the ruins of large feudal chateaus. The rocky plateau overlooking See also:Polignac is occupied by the ruins of the imposing stronghold of the ancient See also:family of Polignac, including a square See also:donjon of the 14th century. Interesting Gallo-Roman remains have been found on the site.

HAUTE-MARNE, a department of north-eastern France, made up for the most part of districts belonging to the former province of See also:

Champagne (Bassigny, Perthois, Vallage), with smaller portions of Lorraine and See also:Burgundy, and some fragments of Franche-Comte. Area, 2415 sq. m. Pop. (1906), 221,724. It is bounded N.E. by See also:Meuse, E. by See also:Vosges, S.E. by Haute-See also:Saone, S. and S.W. by Cote d'Or, W. by See also:Aube, and N.W. by Marne. Its greatest See also:elevation (1693 ft.) is in the plateau of See also:Langres in the south between the See also:sources of the Marne and those of the Aube; the See also:watershed between the See also:basin of the See also:Rhone on the south and those of the Seine and Meuse on the north, which is formed by the plateau of Langres continued north-east by the Monts Faucilles, has an See also:average height of 1500 or 1600 ft. The country descends rapidly towards the south, but in very See also:gentle slopes northwards. To the north is Bassigny (the paybas or See also:low country, as distinguished from the See also:highlands), a See also:district characterized by monotonous flats of little fertility and extensive wooded tracts. The lowest level of the department is 361 ft. Hydrographically Haute-Marne belongs for the most part to the basin of the Seine, the See also:remainder to those of the Rhone and the Meuse. The principal See also:river is the Marne, which rises here, and has a course of 75 m. within the department. Among its more important affluents are, on the right the Rognon, and on the left the Blaise.

The Saulx, another tributary of the Marne on the right, also rises in Haute-Marne. Westward the department is watered by the Aube and its tributary the See also:

Anjou, both of which have their sources on the plateau of Langres. The Meuse also rises in the Monts Faucilles, and has a course of 31 M. within the department. On the Mediterranean See also:side the department sends to the Saone the Apance, the Amance, the Salon and the Vingeanne. The climate is partly that of the Seine region, partly that of the Vosges, and partly that of the Rhone; the mean temperature is 51° F., nearly that of Paris; the rainfall is slightly below the average for France. The See also:agriculture of the department is carried on chiefly by small proprietors. The chief crops are wheat and oats, which are more than sufficient for the needs of the inhabitants; potatoes, See also:lucerne and mange) wurzels are next in importance. Natural pasture is abundant, especially in Bassigny, where See also:horse and cattle-raising flourish. The vineyards produce some See also:fair wines, notably the See also:white wine of Soyers. More than a See also:quarter of the territory is under wood. The department is See also:rich in iron and See also:building and other varieties of stone are quarried. The warm springs of Bourbonne-les-Bains are among the earliest known and most frequented in France.

The leading industry is the metallurgical; its establishments include blast furnaces, foundries, forges, See also:

plate-See also:rolling works, and shops for nailmaking and smith's work of various descriptions. St Dizier is the chief centre of manufacture and See also:distribution. The See also:cutlery See also:trade occupies thousands of hands at Nogent-en-Bassigny and in the See also:neighbour-See also:hood of Langres. Val d'Osne is well known for its See also:production of fountains. statues, &c.. in See also:metal-work. Flour-milling, See also:glove-making (at Chaumont), See also:basket-making, brewing, tanning and other industries are also carried on. The principal import is coal, while manufactured goods, iron, stone, wood and cereals are exported. The department is served by the Eastern railway, of which the line from Paris to See also:Belfort passes through Chaumont and Langres. The canal from the Marne to the Saone and the canal of the Haute-_Marne, which accompany the Marne, together See also:cover 9q m.; there is a canal 14 M. long from St Dizier to Wassy. There are three arrondissements (Chaumont, Langres and Wassy), with 28 cantons and 55o communes. Chaumont is the capital. Th_ department forms the diocese of Langres; it belongs to the \'II. military region and to the educational circumscription (See also:academic) of See also:Dijon, where also is its court of appeal. The principal towns---Chaumont, Langres, St Dizier and Bourbonneles-Rains --receive separate See also:notice.

At Montier-en-Der the remains of an abbey founded in the 7th century include a fine church witli nave and aisles of the rot and choir of the 13th century. A\ assy, the See also:

scene in 1562 of the celebrated See also:massacre of Protestants by the troops of See also:Francis, See also:duke of See also:Guise, has among its old buildings a church much of which See also:dates from the Romanesque See also:period. \ ignory has a church of the 11th century. Join-See also:vine, a metallurgical centre, preserves a See also:chateau of the See also:dukes of Guise in the See also:Renaissance style. Pailly, near Langres, has a fine chateau of the last half of the 16th century.

End of Article: HAUSSONVILLE, JOSEPH OTHENIN BERNARD DE CLERON, COMTE

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