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POLIGNAC , an See also:ancient See also:French See also:family, which had its seat in the See also:Cevennes near See also:Puy-en-Velay (Haute See also:Loire). Its See also:authentic See also:pedigree can be traced to the 9th See also:century, but in 1421 the male See also:line became See also:extinct. The heiress married See also:Guillaume, sire de
Chalancon (not to be confused with the barons of Chalan9on in Vivarais), who assumed the name and arms of Polignac. The first member of the family who was of any See also:historical importance was See also:Cardinal Melchior de Polignac (1661-1742), a younger son of Armand XVI., See also:marquis de Polignac, who at an See also:early See also:age achieved distinction as a diplomatist. In 1695 he was sent as See also:ambassador to See also:Poland, where he contrived to bring about the See also:election of the See also:prince of See also:Conti as successor to See also:John Sobieski (1697). The subsequent failure of this intrigue led to his temporary disgrace, but in 1702 he was restored to favour, and in 1712 he was sent as the plenipotentiary of See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XIV. to the See also:Congress of See also:Utrecht. During the regency he became involved in the Cellamare See also:plot, and was relegated to See also:Flanders for three years. From 1725 to 1732 he acted for See also:France at the Vatican. In 1726 he received the archbishopric of See also:Auch, and he died at See also:Paris in 1742. He See also:left unfinished a metrical refutation of See also:Lucretius which was published after his See also:death by the See also:abbe de See also:Rothelin (See also:Anti-Lucretius, 1745), and had considerable See also:vogue in its See also:day. See also:Count Jules de Polignac (d. 1817), grandnephew of the preceding, was created See also:duke by Louis XVI. in 178o, and in 1782 was made postmaster-See also:general. His position and See also:influence at See also:court were largely due to his wife, Gabrielle de Polastron, the bosom friend of See also:Marie Antoinette; the duke and duchess alike shared the unpopularity of the court, and were among the first to " emigrate " in 1789. The duchess died shortly after the See also:queen, but her See also:husband, who had received an See also:estate from See also:Catherine II. in the See also:Ukraine, survived till 1817. Of their three sons the second, Prince Jules de Polignac (1780-1847), played a conspicuous See also:part in the clerical and ultra-royalist reaction after the Revolution. Under the See also:empire he was implicated in the See also:conspiracy of See also:Cadoudal and See also:Pichegru (1804), and was imprisoned till 1813. After the restoration of the Bourbons he held various offices, received from the See also:pope his See also:title of " prince " in 182o, and in 1823 was made ambassador to the See also:English court. On the 8th of See also:August 1829 he was called by See also:Charles X. to the See also:ministry of See also:foreign affairs, and in the following See also:November 'he became See also:president of the See also:council. His See also:appointment was taken as symbolical of the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king's intention to overthrow the constitution, and Polignac, with the other ministers, was held responsible for the policy which culminated in the issue of the Four Ordinances which were the immediate cause of the revolution of See also:July 183o. On the outbreak of this he fled for his See also:life, but, after wandering for some See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time among the wilds of See also:Normandy, was arrested at See also:Granville. His trial before the chamber of peers resulted in his condemnation to perpetual imprisonment (at See also:Ham), but he benefited by the See also:amnesty of 1836, when the See also:sentence was commuted to one of See also:- EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)
exile. During his captivity he wrote Considerations poliliques (1832). He afterwards spent some years in See also:England, but finally was permitted to re-enter France on See also:condition that he did not take up his See also:abode in Paris. He died at St Germain on the 29th of See also:March 1847.
End of Article: POLIGNAC
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