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guarantee that they would obtain the coveted barrier of fortresses against France. But matters changed greatly during 1710 and 1711. In England in See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August and See also:

SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1710, the Tories, the party of peace, succeeded the Whigs, the party of war and the inheritors of the tradition of See also:

William III., in the conduct of affairs. In the See also:

EMPIRE

Empire in See also:

APRIL

April 1711, the See also:

ARCHDUKE (Lat. archidux, Ger. Erzherzog)

archduke See also:

Charles, Philip's See also:

RIVAL

rival for the See also:

THRONE

throne of See also:

Spain, succeeded his See also:

BROTHER

brother See also:

Joseph I. as ruler of See also:

Austria and became prospective See also:

EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, and England and the United Provinces, having waged a See also:

long and costly war to prevent the See also:

union of the crowns of France and Spain, were equally averse from seeing Spain and Austria under the same ruler. Moreover, the See also:

ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies realized at last that it was impossible to dislodge Philip from Spain, and all the peoples were groaning under the expenses and the sufferings of the war. France and England came to terms, and the preliminaries of peace were signed in See also:

LONDON

London in October 1711, their basis being a tacit acquiescence in the See also:

PARTITION

partition of the Spanish monarchy. The See also:

CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress opened at Utrecht on the 29th of See also:

JANUARY

January 1712, the See also:

ENGLISH

English representatives 'being See also:

John See also:

Robinson, See also:

bishop of See also:

Bristol, and See also:

Thomas See also:

WENTWORTH, WILLIAM CHARLES (1793-1872)

Wentworth, See also:

EARL

earl of See also:

Strafford. Reluctantly the United Provinces accepted the preliminaries and sent representatives, but the emperor refused to do so until he was assured that these preliminaries were not binding. This assurance was given, and in See also:

FEBRUARY

February the imperial representatives made their See also:

APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance. As Philip was not yet recognized, as See also:

king, Spain did not at first send plenipotentiaries, but the duke of See also:

Savoy sent one, and See also:

PORTUGAL

Portugal was also represented.

One of the first questions discussed was the nature of the guarantees to be given by France and Spain that these crowns would be kept See also:

SEPARATE

separate, and matters did not make much progress until after the loth of See also:

JULY

July 1712, when Philip signed a renunciation. Then, England and France having concluded a truce, the See also:

pace was quickened and the See also:

main treaties were signed on the r rth of April 1713. By the treaty between England and France Louis XIV. re-cognized the See also:

PROTESTANT

Protestant succession in England and undertook to give no further aid to the Stuarts. France ceded to England Newfoundland, Nova Scotia or Acadia, the See also:

ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of St Kitts or St See also:

CHRISTOPHER, SAINT (Christophorus, Christoferus)

Christopher, and the See also:

Hudson's See also:

Bay Territory,(" sinum et fretum de Hudson, una cum See also:

OMNIBUS (Lat. " for all ")

omnibus terris, maribus, maritimis, fluviis, locisque, in dicto sinu et freto sitis "), and promised to demolish the fortifications of See also:

Dunkirk and to fill up its See also:

HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour. A commercial treaty signed between the two countries on the same See also:

day provided that each should allow the other the most favoured nation treatment, while each gave up the claim to the indiscriminate seizure of See also:

SHIPPING

shipping which had been practised during the war. The treaty between France and the United Provinces was mainly concerned with securing the barrier of fortresses. These arrangements were somewhat complicated and to a large extent provisional, as Austria and See also:

BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria, two countries which were deeply interested in the See also:

FATE

fate of the See also:

NETHERLANDS

Netherlands, had not yet assented to the terms of peace. By a commercial treaty concluded on the same day, France gave to the Dutch commercial privileges similar to those enjoyed by England. Other treaties concluded at the same See also:

time were between France and Savoy, France and See also:

Prussia, and France and Portugal. By the first the duke of Savoy regained Savoy and See also:

NICE

Nice, taken from him during the war, and France undertook to obtain for him the island of See also:

SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily and the See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of king. By the second Prussia secured some small additions of territory, including See also:

PART

part of See also:

Gelderland and See also:

Neuchatel; in return France definitely and finally obtained the principality of See also:

Orange. It is interesting to See also:

note that as a constituent of the Empire Prussia was still fighting against France.

The treaty between France and Portugal mainly concerned the Portuguese settlements in See also:

Brazil, her claim to these being recognized by France. Other treaties were signed at Utrecht between Spain and the allies, Philip now concluding these as the recognized and lawful king of Spain. On the 13th of July 1713 a treaty was signed between England and Spain, which embodied certain commercial arrangements previously made between the two countries. Spain ceded to England Gibraltar and See also:

MINORCA(Menorca)

Minorca and promised to give up Sicily to Savoy. She gave also to England the See also:

MONOPOLY (Gr. govomeXla or govoircaXwv, exclusive sale, from govds, alone, and irwXeiv, to sell)

monopoly for See also:

THIRTY

thirty years of the lucrative slave See also:

trade with Spanish See also:

AMERICA

America, hitherto enjoyed by France: this was the famous See also:

ASIENTO, or ASSIENTO (from the verb asentar, to place, or establish)

Asiento treaty. Finally, there was an See also:

ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article concerning the inhabitants of See also:

CATALONIA (Cataluna)

Catalonia, who had fought bravely for Charles of Austria, and who had a large claim upon the See also:

PROTECTION

protection of England. However, the protection granted to them was a See also:

mere sham, and the Catalans were soon the victims of the revenge of Philip of Spain. The peace between Spain and the United Provinces was signed on the 26th of See also:

JUNE

June 1714, but the conclusion of the one between Spain and Portugal was delayed until the following February. The former was concerned mainly with commercial matters, Spain giving the United Provinces the treatment of a most favoured nation, except as regards Spanish America. The latter dealt with the frontier between the two countries and with the See also:

COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of St See also:

SACRAMENT

Sacrament in See also:

URUGUAY (officially the Oriental Republic of the Uruguay, and long locally called the Banda Oriental, meaning the land on the eastern side of the river Uruguay, from which the country takes its name)

Uruguay, which was transferred to Spain. The treaty of Utrecht also provided some See also:

COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation for the emperor Charles VI. as soon as he surrendered his claim to Spain. It was arranged that he should receive See also:

Naples and See also:

Milan, and also the Spanish Netherlands, henceforward known as the See also:

AUSTRIAN

Austrian Netherlands.

But the general pacification was still incomplete, as France and the Empire continued the war, albeit somewhat languidly. It was not long, however, before Charles VI. realized how in-adequate were his forces, unsupported by those of England and of See also:

Holland, to meet the armies of France, and towards the See also:

close of 1713 he was for the first time seriously inclined to consider conditions of peace. Accordingly, his representative, See also:

Prince See also:

EUGENE

Eugene, met the See also:

French See also:

MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal See also:

VILLARS, CLAUDE LOUIS HECTOR DE, PRINCE DE

Villars at See also:

RASTATT

Rastatt in See also:

NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1713, and here, after negotiations had been broken off and again resumed, peace was made on the 7th of See also:

March 1714, Charles VI. concluding the treaty without waiting for the assent of the different states of the Empire. This consent, however, was necessary, and a little later the representatives of some of the princes of the Empire met those of France at See also:

Baden, where, on the 7th of September 1714, the treaty of Baden, the last of the treaties included in the general peace of Utrecht, was signed. This dealt entirely with the question of the frontier between France and the Empire, which was restored as it was before the outbreak of the war except that France gained See also:

LANDAU

Landau. One important See also:

MATTER

matter dealt with at Utrecht remains to be mentioned. A second barrier treaty between England and the United Provinces was signed on the 3oth of January 1713,and a third treaty signed at See also:

Antwerp on the 15th of November 1 715 clinched the matter. Seven fortresses were to be garrisoned by a See also:

TOTAL

total of 3'5,000 men, three-fifths of the cost being See also:

BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne by the imperial See also:

government and the See also:

REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder by the United Provinces. The treaty of Utrecht is second to none in importance in English See also:

HISTORY

history. Its provisions were a most potent See also:

FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor in assisting the expansion of England's colonial empire and also in the See also:

BUILDING

building up of the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country's commercial greatness. In the domestic politics of the 18th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, too, the peace has a great and recurring importance. Its terms were bitterly assailed by the Whigs, and after the See also:

ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of See also:

George I. four of its Tory authors, See also:

BOLINGBROKE, HENRY ST JOHN, VISCOUNT (1678-1751)

Bolingbroke, See also:

Oxford, See also:

Ormonde and Strafford, were impeached for concluding it, the charges brought against them being that they had corresponded with the See also:

queen's enemies and had betrayed the See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour and See also:

INTEREST

interest of their own country, while the See also:

ABANDONMENT (Fr. abandonnement, from abandonner, to abandon, relinquish; abandonner was originally equivalent to mettred banddn, to leave to the jurisdiction, i.e. of another, bandon being from Low Latin bandum, bannum, order, decree, " ban ")

abandonment of the Catalans was not forgotten.

The See also:

TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text of the treaty of Utrecht is published as the Actes, memoires et autres pieces authentiques concernant la paix d' Utrecht Utrecht, 171.4—1715) ; and by C. W. von See also:

Koch and F. See also:

SCHOLL, AURELIEN (1833- )

Scholl in the istoire abregee See also:

des traites (1817-1818). As far as it concerns the party politics of England, there is much about the peace in See also:

Dean See also:

Swift's See also:

WORKS

works. See also C. See also:

GIRAUD, GIOVANNI, COUNT (1776-1834)

Giraud, La Paix d' Utrecht (See also:

Paris, 1847) ; I. S. Leadam, See also:

POLITICAL

Political History of England 7702—1760 (1909); A. W. See also:

Ward in the See also:

Cambridge See also:

MODERN

Modern History, vol. v. (1908), and the See also:

State Trials for the proceedings against the impeached English ministers. But perhaps the most valuable See also:

WORK

work on the whole peace is O.

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