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BADEN, GRAND DUCHY OF
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See also:BADEN, See also:GRAND DUCHY OF , a See also:sovereign See also:state of See also:Germany, lying in the See also:south-See also:west corner of the See also:empire, bounded N.. by the See also:kingdom of See also:Bavaria and the grand-duchy of See also:Hesse-See also:Darmstadt; W. and practically throughout its whole length by the See also:Rhine, which separates it from the Bavarian See also:Palatinate and the imperial See also:province of See also:Alsace-See also:Lorraine; S. by See also:Switzerland, and E. by the kingdom of See also:Wurttemberg and See also:part of Bavaria. The See also:country has an See also:area of 5823 sq. m. and consists of a considerable portion of the eastern See also:half of the fertile valley of the Rhine and of the mountains which See also:form its boundary. The mountainous part is by far the most extensive, forming, indeed, nearly 8o % of the whole area. From the See also:Lake of See also:Constance in the south to the See also:river See also:Neckar in the See also:north is a portion of the See also:Black See also:Forest or Schwarzwald, which is divided by the valley of the Kinzig into two districts of different See also:elevation. To the south of the Kinzig the mean height is 3100 ft., and the loftiest See also:summit, the Feldberg, reaches about 4898 ft., while to the north the mean height' is only 2100 ft., and the Belchen, the culminating point of the whole, does not exceed 4480 ft. To the north of the' Neckar is, the See also:Odenwald Range, with a mean of 1440 ft., and in the Katzenbuckel, an extreme of 198o ft. Lying between the Rhine and the Dreisam is the Kaiserstuhl, an See also:independent volcanic See also:group, nearly 10 m. in length and 5 in breadth, the highest point of which is 176o ft. The greater part of Baden belongs to the See also:basin of the Rhine, which receives upwards of twenty tributaries from the See also:highlands; the north-eastern portion of the territory is also watered by the See also:Main and the Neckar. A part, however, of the eastern slope of the Black Forest belongs to the basin of the See also:Danube, which there takes its rise in a number of See also:mountain streams. Among the numerous lakes which belong to the duchy are the Mummel, Wilder, Eichener and Schluch, but none of them is of any See also:size. The Lake of Constance (Boden-See) belongs partly to Bavaria and Switzerland. Owing to its See also:physical configuration Baden presents See also:great extremes of See also:heat and See also:cold. The Rhine valley is the warmest See also:district in Germany, but the higher elevations of the Black Forest See also:record the greatest degrees of cold experienced in the south. The mean temperature of the Rhine valley is approximately 50° F. and that of the high table-See also:land, 430 F. See also:July is the hottest and See also:January the coldest See also:month in the See also:year. BADEN The See also:mineral See also:wealth of Baden is not great; but See also:iron, See also:coal, See also:zinc and See also:lead of excellent quality are produced, and See also:silver, See also:copper, See also:gold, See also:cobalt, See also:vitriol and See also:sulphur are obtained in small quantities. See also:Peat is found in abundance, as well as See also:gypsum, See also:china-See also:clay, potters' See also:earth and See also:salt. The mineral springs of Baden are very numerous and have acquired great celebrity, those of Baden-Baden, See also:Badenweiler, Antogast, See also:Griesbach, Freiersbach and Petersthal being the most frequented. ' In the valleys the•soil is particularly fertile, yielding luxuriant crops of See also:wheat, See also:maize, See also:barley, spelt, beans, potatoes, See also:flax, See also:hemp, hops, beetroot and See also:tobacco; and even in the more mountainous parts See also:rye, wheat and oats are extensively cultivated. There is a considerable extent of pasture land, and the rearing of See also:cattle, See also:sheep, pigs and goats is largely practised. Of See also:game, See also:deer, See also:wild boars, See also:hares, See also:snipe and partridges are fairly abundant, while the mountain streams yield See also:trout of excellent quality. The culture of the See also:vine increases, and the wines, which are characterized' by a mildness of flavour, are in See also:good demand. The gardens and orchards See also:supply great abundance of fruits, especially almonds and walnuts; and See also:bee-keeping is See also:common throughout the country: A greater proportion of Baden than of any other of the south See also:German states is occupied by forests. In these the predominant trees are the See also:fir and See also:pine, but many others, such as the See also:chestnut, are well represented. A third, at least, of the See also:annual supply of See also:timber is exported. See also:Population: At the beginning of the 19th See also:century Baden was only a margraviate, with an area little exceeding 1300 sq. m., and a population of 210,000. Since then it has from See also:time to time acquired additional territory, so that its area now amounts to 5823 sq. m., and its population (1905) to 2,009,320, of whom about 6o % are See also:Roman Catholics, 37 % Protestants, 11%a See also:Jews, and the See also:remainder of other confessions. Of the population, about one-half may be classified as rural, i.e. living in communities of less than 2000 inhabitants; while the See also:density of the population is about 330 to the square mile. The country is divided into the following districts, with the .respective See also:chief towns and populations as shown. The See also:capital of the duchy is See also:Karlsruhe, and among important towns other than the above are See also:Rastatt, Baden-Baden, See also:Bruchsal and See also:Lahr. The population is most thickly clustered in the north and in the neighbourhood of the Swiss See also:town of See also:Basel. The inhabitants of Baden are of various origin—those to the north of the.Murg being descended from the Alemanni and those to the south from the See also:Franks, while the Swabian See also:plateau derives its name and its population from another See also:race. (See WURTTEMBERG.) See also:Industries.—Of the area, 56.8 % is cultivated and 38 % forest, but the agricultural See also:industry, which formerly yielded the bulk of the wealth of the country, is now equalled, if not surpassed, by the See also:industrial output, which has attained very considerable dimensions. The chief articles of manufacture are machinery, woollen and See also:cotton goods, See also:silk See also:ribbons, See also:paper, tobacco, See also:leather, china, See also:glass, clocks, jewellery and chemicals. See also:Beet See also:sugar is also largely manufactured, and the inhabitants of the Black Forest have See also:long been celebrated for their dexterity in the manufacture of wooden ornaments and toys, musical boxes and See also:organs. The exports of Baden, which coincide largely with the industries just mentioned, are of considerable importance, but the bulk of its See also:trade consists in the transit of goods. The country is well furnished with roads and See also:railways, the greater proportion of the latter being in the hands of the state. A See also:line runs the whole length of the land, for the most part parallel with the Rhine, while branches See also:cross obliquely from See also:east to west. See also:Mannheim is the great See also:emporium for the export of goods down the Rhine and has a large river See also:traffic. It is also the chief manu-0
facturing town of the duchy and the seat of administrative See also:government for the See also:northern portionof the country.
See also:Education and See also:Religion.--The educational establishments of Baden are numerous and flourishing, and public education is entirely in the hands of. the government. There are two See also:universities, the See also:Protestant at See also:Heidelberg and the Roman See also:Catholic at See also:Freiburg-See also:im-See also:Breisgau, and a celebrated technical See also:college at Karlsruhe. The grand-See also:duke is a Protestant; under him the Evangelical See also: The elections are, however, indirect; the citizens nominating the Wahlmdnner (deputy See also:electors) and the latter electing the representatives. The chambers meet at least every two years. The members of the lower chamber are elected for four years, half the number retiring at the expiration of every two years. The executive consists of four departments of state -those of the interior, of See also:foreign affairs and of the grand-ducal See also:house, of See also:finance, and of See also:justice, ecclesiastical affairs and education. The chief See also:sources of See also:revenue are See also:direct and indirect taxes, domains and railways. The last are worked by the state, and the See also:sole public See also:debt, amounting to about 22 millions See also:sterling, is attributable to this See also:head. The supreme courts of justice of the duchy are in Karlsruhe, Freiburg, See also:Offenburg, Heidelberg, Mosbach, Waldshut, Constance and Mannheim, whence appeals See also:lie to the Reichsgericht (supreme tribunal of the empire) in See also:Leipzig. By virtue of aconvention with See also:Prussia, of 187r, the Baden See also:army forms a portion of the Prussian army. See also:History.-During - the See also:middle ages the district which now forms the grand-duchy of Baden was ruled by various See also:counts, prominent among whom were the counts and See also:dukes of See also:Zahringen: In 1112 See also:Hermann, a son of Hermann, See also:margrave of See also:Verona (d. 1074), and See also:grandson of See also:Bertold, duke of See also:Carinthia and See also:count' of Zahringen, having inherited some of the German estates of his family, called himself margrave of Baden, and from this date the See also:separate history of Baden may be said to begin. Hermann appears to have called himself by the See also:title of margrave, and not the more usual title of count, owing to the connexion of his family with the margraviate of Verona. His son and grandson, both named Hermann, added to their territories, - which about 1200 were divided, - and the lines of Baden-Baden and Baden-Hochberg were founded, the latter of which was divided about a century later into the branches of Baden-Hochberg and Baden-Sausenberg. The family of Baden-Baden was very -successful in increasing the area of its possessions, which after several divisions were See also:united by the margrave See also:Bernard I. in 1391. Bernard, a soldier of some renown, continued the See also:work of his predecessors, and obtained other districts, including Baden-Hochberg, the ruling family of which died out in 1418.
During the 15th century a See also:war with the count See also:palatine of the Rhine deprived Margrave See also: This culminated in open warfare, and from 1584 to 1622 Baden-Baden was in the See also:possession of one of the princes of Baden-Durlach. Religious See also:differences added to this, rivalry. During the See also:period of. the See also:Reformation some of the rulers of Baden adhered to the older and some adopted the newer faith, and the house, was similarly divided during the See also:Thirty Years' War. Baden suffered severely during this struggle, and both branches of the family were exiled in turn. The treaty ,of See also:Westphalia in 1648 restored the status quo, and the family rivalry gradually died out. During the See also:wars of the reign of See also: His opportunity for territorial aggranddizement came during the See also:Napoleonic wars. When war See also:broke out between France and See also:Austria in 1792 the Badenese fought for Austria; consequently their country was devastated and in 1796 the margrave was compelled to pay an See also:indemnity, and to cede his territories on the See also:left bank of the Rhine to France. See also:Fortune, however, soon returned to his See also:side. In 1803; largely owing to the good offices of See also: In the See also:hurry of the winding-up of the congress, however, the vexed question of the See also:succession to the grand-duchy had not been settled. This was soon to become acute. By the treaty of the x6th of See also:April x816, by which the territorial disputes between Austria and Bavaria were settled, the succession to the Baden Palatinate was guaranteed to See also:Maximilian I., See also: The reaction that followed was as severe in Baden as elsewhere in Germany, and culminated in 1823, when, on the refusal of the chambers to vote the military See also:budget, the grand-duke dissolved them and levied the taxes on his own authority. In January 1825, owing to See also:official pressure, only three Liberals were returned to the chamber; a law was passed making the budget presentable only every three years, and the constitution ceased to have, any active existence.
In 183o Louis was succeeded as grand-duke by his half-brother See also:Leopold, the first of the Hochberg line. The July Revolution led to no disturbances in Baden; but the new grand-duke from the first showed liberal tendencies. The elections of 183o were not interfered with; and the result was the return of a Liberal See also:majority. The next few years saw the introduction, under successive ministries, of Liberal reforms in the constitution, in criminal and See also:civil law, and in education. In 1832 the See also:adhesion of Baden to the Prussian See also:Zollverein did much for the material prosperity of the country. With the approach of the revolutionary year x848, however, Radicalism once more began to lift up its head. At a popular demonstration held at Offenburg on the 12th of See also:September 1847, resolutions were passed demanding the See also:conversion of the See also:regular army into a See also:national See also:militia which should take an See also:oath to the constitution, a progressive income-tax and a See also:fair See also:adjustment of the interests of capital and labour.
The See also:news of the revolution of See also:February 1848 in See also:Paris brought this agitation to a head. Numerous public meetings were held at which the Offenburg See also:programme was adopted, and on the 4th of See also: The See also:ministry was remodelled in a more Liberal direction; and a new delegate was sent to the federal See also:diet at Frankfort, empowered to vote for the See also:establishment of a See also:parliament for united Germany. The disorders, fomented by republican See also:agitators, none the less continued; and the efforts of the government to suppress them with the aid of federal troops led to an armed insurrection. For the time this was mastered without much difficulty; the insurgents were beaten at Kandern on the loth of April; Freiburg, which they held, See also:fell on the 24th; and on the 27th a Franco-German " See also:legion," which had invaded Baden from See also:Strassburg, was routed at Dossenbach. At the beginning of 1849, however, the issue of a new constitution, in' accordance with the resolutions of the Frankfort parliament, led to more serious trouble. It did little to satisfy the Radicals, who were angered by the refusal of the second chamber to agree to their proposal for the summoning of a constituent assembly (Toth of February 1849). The new insurrection that now broke out was a more formidable affair than the first. A military See also:mutiny at Rastatt on the T 1 th of May showed that the army sympathized with the revolution, which was proclaimed two days later at Offenburg amid tumultuous scenes. On the same See also:day (13th of May) a mutiny at Karlsruhe forced the grand-duke to take to See also:flight, and the next day he was followed by the ministers, while a See also:committee of the diet under Lorenz See also:Brentano (1813-1891), who represented the more moderate Radicals as against the republicans, established itself in the capital to See also:attempt to direct affairs pending the establishment of a provisional government. This was accomplished on the 1st of June, and on the loth the " constituent diet," consisting entirely of the most " advanced " politicians, assembled. It had little See also:chance of doing more than make speeches; the country was in the hands of-an armed See also:mob of civilians and mutinous soldiers; and, meanwhile, the grand-duke of Baden had joined with Bavaria in requesting the armed intervention of Prussia, which was granted on the See also:condition that Baden should join the See also:League of the Three See also:Kings. From this moment the revolution in Baden was doomed, and with it the revolution in all Germany. The Prussians, under Prince William (afterwards emperor), invaded Baden in the middle of June. The insurgent forces were under the command of the See also:Pole, See also:Ludwig von Mieroslawski (1814-1878), who reduced them to some semblance of order. On the loth he met the Prussians at Waghausel, and was completely defeated; on the ;5th Prince William entered Karlsruhe; and at the end of the month the members of the provisional government, who had taken See also:refuge at Freiburg, dispersed. Such of the insurgent leaders as were caught, notably the ex-See also:officers, suffered military See also:execution; the army was dispersed among Prussian See also:garrison towns; and Baden. was occupied for the time by Prussian troops. The grand-duke returned on the loth of See also:August, and at once dissolved the diet. The elections resulted in a majority favourable to the new ministry, and a See also:series of See also:laws were passed of a reactionary tendency with a view to strengthening the government. The grand-duke Leopold died on the 24th of April 1852, and was succeeded by his second son, Frederick, as See also:regent, the eldest, Louis (d. 22nd of January 1858), being incapable of ruling.' The See also:internal affairs of Baden during the period that followed have comparatively little general See also:interest. In the greater politics of Germany, Baden, between 1850 and 1866, was a consistent supporter of Austria; and in the war of 1866 her contingents, under Prince William, had two See also:sharp engagements with the Prussian army of the Main. Two days before the affair of Werbach (24th of July), however, the second chamber had petitioned the grand-duke to end the war and enter into an offensive and defensive See also:alliance with Prussia. The grand-duke had from the first been opposed to the war with Prussia, but had been forced to yield owing to popular resentment at the policy of Prussia in the See also:Schleswig-See also:Holstein question (q.v.). The ministry, now at one, resigned; Baden announced her withdrawal from the German confederation; and on the 17th of August a treaty of peace and alliance was signed with Prussia. The adhesion of Baden to the North German confederation was prevented by See also:Bismarck himself, who had no wish to give Napoleon III. so good an excuse for intervention; but it was the opposition of Baden to the formation of a South German confederation that made the ultimate See also:union inevitable. The troops of Baden took a conspicuous See also:share in the war of 187o; and it was the grand-duke of Baden, who, in the historic assembly of the German princes at See also:Versailles, was the first to See also:hail the king of Prussia as German emperor. The internal politics of Baden, both before and after 1870, centre in the main See also:round the question of religion. The See also:signing on the 28th of June 1859 of a See also:concordat with the See also:Holy See, by which education was placed under the oversight of the See also:clergy and the establishment of religious orders was facilitated, led to a constitutional struggle, which ended in 1863 with the victory "1 Frederick assumed the title of grand-duke on the 5th of September 1856.of Liberal principles, the communes being made responsible for education, though the priests were admitted to a share in the management. The See also:quarrel between Liberalism and Clericalism was, however, not ended. In 1867, on the See also:accession to the premiership of See also:Julius von See also:Jolly (1823-1891), several constitutional changes in a Liberal direction were made; responsibility of ministers, freedom of the See also:press, compulsory education. In the same year (6th of September) a law was passed to compel all candidates for the priesthood to pass the government examina• tions. The archbishop of Freiburg resisted, and, on his death in April 1868, the see was left vacant, In 1869 the introduction of civil marriage did not tend to allay the strife, which reached its See also:climax after the See also:proclamation of the See also:dogma of papal See also:infallibility in 1870. The " Kulturkampf " raged in Baden, as in the See also:rest of Germany; and here as elsewhere the government encouraged the formation of Old Catholic communities. Not till 1880, after the fall of the ministry of Jolly, was a reconciliation with See also:Rome effected; in 1882 the archbishopric of Freiburg was again filled up. The See also:political tendency of Baden, meanwhile, mirrored that of all Germany. In 1891 the National Liberals had but a majority of one in the diet; from 1893 they could maintaimthemselves only with the aid of the Conservatives; and in 1897 a See also:coalition of Ultramontanes, Socialists, Social-democrats and Radicals (Freisinnige), won a majority for the opposition in the chamber. Amid all these contests the wise and statesmanlike moderation of the grand-duke Frederick won him universal esteem. By the treaty under which Baden had become an integral part of the German empire, he had reserved only the exclusive right to tax See also:beer and See also:spirits; the army, the See also:post-See also:office, railways and the conduct of foreign relations were placed under the effective See also:control of Prussia. In his relations with the German empire, too, Frederick proved himself rather a great German See also:noble than a sovereign prince actuated by particularist ambitions; and his position as See also:husband of the emperor William I.'s only daughter, See also:Louise (whom he had married in 1856), gave him a See also:peculiar influence in the See also:councils of See also:Berlin. When, on the 20th of September 1906, the grand-duke celebrated at once the See also:jubilee of his reign and his See also:golden See also:wedding, all See also:Europe combined to do him See also:honour. King See also:Edward VII. sent him, by the hands of the duke of See also:Connaught, the order of the Garter. But more significant, perhaps, was the See also:tribute paid by the Temps, the leading Parisian paper. " Nothing more clearly demonstrates the sterile See also:paradox of the Napoleonic work," it wrote, " than the history of the grand-duchy. It was Napoleon, and he alone, who created this whole state in 1803 to See also:reward in the See also:person of the little margrave of Baden a relative of the emperor of Russia. It was he who after See also:Austerlitz aggrandized the margravate at the expense of Austria; transformed it into a sovereign principality and raised it to a grand-duchy. It was he too who, by the secularization on the one hand and by the dismemberment of Wurttemberg on the other, gave the grand-duke 500,000 new subjects. He believed that the recognition of the prince and the artificial ethnical formation of the principality would be pledges of See also:security for France. But in 1813 Baden joined the coalition, and since then that nation created of odds and ends (de brit et de brat) and always handsomely treated by us, had not ceased to take a leading part in the struggles against our country. The grand-duke Frederick, grand-duke by the will of Napoleon, has done France all the harm he could. But French See also:opinion itself renders justice to the probity of his See also:character and to the ardour of his patriotism, and nobody will feel surprise at the See also:homage with which Germany feels bound to surround his old age." He died at Mainau on the 28th of September 1907, and was succeeded by his son, the grand-duke Frederick II.
Hinsicht dargestellt (Karlsruhe, 1885) ; Wielandt, See also:Des Steats-
recht des Grossherzogtums Baden (Freiburg, 1895) ; F. von Weech,
Badische Geschichte (Karlsruhe, 189o); See also:Die Zahringer in Baden
(Karlsruhe, 1881); Baden unter den Grossherzhgen Karl See also:Friedrich.
Karl Ludwig (Freiburg, 1863) ; Geschichte der badischen Verfassung
(Karlsruhe, 1868) ; and Baden in den Jahren 1852 bis r8g7 (Karls-
ruhe, 1877); C. F. Nebeniusand F. von Weech, Karl Friedrich von
Baden (Karlsruhe, 1868) ; L. H. Musser, Denkwurdigkeiten sup
Geschichte der badischen Revolution (Heidelberg, 1851); L. See also: J. Mone, Quellensammlung zur badischen Landesgeschichte (Karlsruhe, 1848-1867) ; . Badische Biographien, edited by F. von Weech (Karlsruhe, 1875-1891). Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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