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JULIUS

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Originally appearing in Volume V15, Page 552 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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JULIUS , the name of three popes. Ju1.1us I., See also:

pope from 337 to 352, was chosen as successor of See also:Marcus after the See also:Roman see had been vacant four months. He is chiefly known by the See also:part which he took in the Arian controversy. After the Eusebians had, at a See also:synod held in See also:Antioch, renewed their deposition of See also:Athanasius they resolved to send delegates to See also:Constans, See also:emperor of the See also:West, and also to Julius, setting forth the grounds on which they had proceeded. The latter, after expressing an See also:opinion favourable to Athanasius, adroitly invited both parties to See also:lay the See also:case before a synod to be presided over by himself. This proposal, however, the Eastern bishops declined to accept. On his second banishment from See also:Alexandria, Athanasius came to See also:Rome, and was recognized as a See also:regular See also:bishop by the synod held in 340. It was through the See also:influence of Julius that, at a later date, the See also:council of See also:Sardica in See also:Illyria was held, which was attended only by seventy-six Eastern bishops, who speedily withdrew to See also:Philippopolis and deposed Julius, along with Athanasius and others. The Western bishops who remained confirmed the previous decisions of the Roman synod; and by its 3rd, 4th and 5th decrees See also:relating to the rightsof revision, the council of Sardica endeavoured to See also:settle the See also:procedure of ecclesiastical appeals. Julius on his See also:death in See also:April 352 was succeeded by Liberius. (L. D.*) Julius II.

(Giuliano della Rovere), pope from the 1st of See also:

November 1503 to the 21st of See also:February 1513, was See also:born at See also:Savona in 1443. He was at first intended for a commercial career, but later was sent by his See also:uncle, subsequently See also:Sixtus IV., to be educated among the See also:Franciscans, although he does not appear to have joined that See also:order. He was loaded with favours during his uncle's pontificate, being made bishop of See also:Carpentras, bishop of See also:Bologna, bishop of See also:Vercelli, See also:archbishop of See also:Avignon, See also:cardinal-See also:priest of S. Pietro in Vincoli and of Sti Dodici Apostoli, and cardinal-bishop of Sabina, of See also:Frascati, and finally of See also:Ostia and See also:Velletri. In 148o he was made See also:legate to See also:France, mainly to settle the question of the Burgundian See also:inheritance, and acquitted him-self with such ability during his two years' stay that he acquired an influence in the See also:college of cardinals which became See also:paramount during the pontificate of See also:Innocent VIII. A rivalry, however, growing up between him and Roderigo See also:Borgia, he took See also:refuge at Ostia after the latter's See also:election as See also:Alexander VI., and in 1494 went to France, where he incited See also:Charles VIII. to undertake the See also:conquest of See also:Naples. He accompanied the See also:young See also:king on his See also:campaign, and sought to convoke a council to inquire into the conduct of the pope with a view to his deposition, but was defeated in this through Alexander's machinations. During the See also:remainder of that pontificate Della Rovere remained in France, nominally in support of the pope, for whom he negotiated the treaty of 1498 with See also:Louis XII., but in reality bitterly hostile to him. On the death of Alexander (1503) he returned to See also:Italy and supported the election of See also:Pius III., who was then suffering from an incurable malady, of which he died shortly afterwards. Della Rovere then won the support of Cesare Borgia and was unanimously elected pope. Julius II. from the beginning repudiated the See also:system of nepotism which had flourished under Sixtus IV., Innocent VIII. and Alexander VI., and set himself with courage and determination to restore, consolidate and extend the temporal possessions of the See also:Church. By dexterous See also:diplomacy he first succeeded (1504) in rendering it impossible for Cesare Borgia to remain in Italy.

He then pacified Rome and the surrounding See also:

country by reconciling the powerful houses of See also:Orsini and See also:Colonna and by winning the other nobles to his own cause. In 1504 he arbitrated on the See also:differences between France and See also:Germany, and concluded an See also:alliance with them in order to oust the Venetians from See also:Faenza, See also:Rimini and other towns which they occupied. The alliance at first resulted only in compelling the surrender of a few unimportant fortresses in the Romagna; but Julius freed See also:Perugia and Bologna in the brilliant campaign of 15o6. In 15o8 he concluded against See also:Venice the famous See also:league of Cambray with the emperor See also:Maximilian, Louis XII. of France and See also:Ferdinand of See also:Aragon, and in the following See also:year placed the See also:city of Venice under an See also:interdict. By the single See also:battle of Agnadello the See also:Italian dominion of Venice was practically lost; but as the See also:allies were not satisfied with merely effecting his purposes, the pope entered into a See also:combination with the Venetians against those who immediately before had been engaged in his behalf. He absolved the Venetians in the beginning of 1510, and shortly afterwards placed the See also:ban on France. At a synod convened by Louis XII. at See also:Tours in See also:September, the See also:French bishops announced their withdrawal from the papal obedience and resolved, with Maximilian's co-operation, to seek the deposition of Julius. In November 1511 a council actually met at See also:Pisa for this See also:object, but its efforts were fruitless. Julius forthwith formed the See also:Holy league with Ferdinand of Aragon and with Venice against France, in which both See also:Henry VIII. and the emperor ultimately joined. The French were driven out of Italy in 1512 and papal authority was once more securely established in the states immediately around Rome. Julius had already issued, on the 18th of See also:July 1511, the See also:summons for a See also:general council to See also:deal with France, with the reform of the Church, and with a See also:war against the See also:Turks. This council, which is known as the Fifth Lateran, assembled on the 3rd of May 1512, condemned the celebrated pragmatic See also:sanction of the French church, and was still in session when Julius died.

In the midst of his combats, Julius never neglected his ecclesiastical duties. His See also:

bull of the 14th of See also:January 1505 against See also:simony in papal elections was re-enacted by the Lateran council (February 16, 1513). He condemned duelling by bull of the 24th of February 1509. He effected some reforms in the monastic orders; urged the See also:conversion of the sectaries in Bohemia; and sent missionaries to See also:America, See also:India, See also:Abyssinia and the See also:Congo. His See also:government of the Papal States was excellent. Julius is deserving of particular See also:honour for his patronage of See also:art and literature. He did much to improve and beautify Rome; he laid the See also:foundation-See also:stone of St See also:Peter's (April 18, 1506); he founded the Vatican museum; and he was a friend and See also:patron of See also:Bramante, See also:Raphael and See also:Michelangelo. While moderate in See also:personal See also:expenditure, Julius resorted to objectionable means of replenishing the papal See also:treasury, which had been exhausted by Alexander VI., and of providing funds for his numerous enterprises; simony and See also:traffic in indulgences were increasingly prevalent. Julius was undoubtedly in See also:energy and See also:genius one of the greatest popes since Innocent III., and it is a misfortune of the Church that his temporal policy eclipsed his spiritual See also:office. Though not despising the Machiavellian arts of statecraft so universally practised in his See also:day, he was nevertheless by nature See also:plain-spoken and sincere, and in his last years See also:grew violent and crabbed. He died of a See also:fever on the 21st of February 1513, and was succeeded by See also:Leo X. See L.

Pastor, See also:

History of the Popes, vol. vi., trans. by F. I. Antrobus (1898) ; M. See also:Creighton, History of the Papacy, vol. v. (i9oi) ; F. See also:Gregorovius, Rome in the See also:Middle Ages, vol. viii., trans. by Mrs G. W. See also:Hamilton (1900—1902); See also:Hefele-See also:Hergenrother, Conciliengeschichte, vol. viii., 2nd ed.; J. Klaczko, Rome et la See also:renaissance . . . Jules II. (1898), trans. into See also:English by J.

Dennie (New See also:

York, 1903) ; M. See also:Brosch, Papst Julius II. u. See also:die Grundung See also:des Kirchenstaates (1878); A. J. Dumesnil, Histoire de Jules II. (1873) ; J. J. I. von See also:Dollinger, Beitrege zur polit., kirchl., u. Cultur-Geschichte der sechs letzten Jahrhunderte, vol. iii. (1882); A. Schulte, Die See also:Fugger in Rom 1495—1523, mil Studien zur Gesch. des kirchlichen Finanzwesens jener Zeit (1904). (C. H.

HA.) See also:

Junius III. (Giovanni Maria del See also:Monte), pope from 1550 to 1555, was born on the loth of September 1487. He was created cardinal by See also:Paul III. in 1536, filled several important legations, and was elected pope on the 7th of February 1550, despite the opposition of Charles V., whose enmity he had incurred as See also:president of the council of See also:Trent. Love of ease and See also:desire for See also:peace moved him, however, to adopt a conciliatory attitude, and to yield to the emperor's desire for the reassembling of the council (September 1551), suspended since 154.9. But deeming Charles's further demands inconvenient, he soon found occasion in the renewal of hostilities to suspend the council once more (April 1552). As an adherent of the emperor he suffered in consequence of imperial reverses, and was forced to confirm See also:Parma to Ottavio See also:Farnese, the ally of France (1552). Weary of politics, and obeying a natural inclination to See also:pleasure, Julius then virtually abdicated the management of affairs, and gave himself up to enjoyment, amusing himself with the adornment of his See also:villa, near the Porta del Popolo, and often so far forgetting the proprieties of his office as to participate in entertainments of a questionable See also:character. His nepotism was of a less ambitious order than that of Paul III.; but he provided for his See also:family out of the offices and revenues of the Church, and advanced unworthy favourites to the cardinalate. What progress reform made during his pontificate was due to its acquired momentum, rather than to the zeal 3f the pope. Yet under Julius steps were taken to abolish See also:plurality of benefices and to restore monastic discipline; the Collegium Germanicum, for the conversion of Germans, was established in Rome, 1552; and See also:England was absolved by the cardinal-legate See also:Pole, and received again into the Roman communion (1554)• Julius died on the 23rd of See also:March 1555, and was succeeded by See also:Marcellus II. See Panvinio, continuator of Platina, De Vitis Pontiff. Rom.; Ciaconius, Vitae et res gestae summorum Pontiff.

Rom. (Rome, i6o1—1602) (both contemporaries of Julius See also:

Ill.); See also:Ranke, Popes (Eng. trans., See also:Austin), i. 276 seq. ; v. See also:Reumont, Gesch. der Stadt Rom., iii. 2, 503 seq.; Brosch, Gesch. des Kirchenstaates (188o), i. 189 seq.; and extended bibliography in See also:Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopadie, s.v. " Julius III." (T. F.

End of Article: JULIUS

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