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building officials). There were also the usual decuriones (town councillors) and Augustales. We learn much as to these magistrates from the large number of inscriptions that have been found (over 2000 in Ostia and See also:

PORTUS

Portus taken together) and also as to the cults. See also:

VULCAN (Volcanos)

Vulcan was the most important—perhaps in early times the only—deity worshipped at Ostia, and the See also:

PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest-See also:

hood of Vulcan was held sometimes by See also:

ROMAN

Roman senators. The Dioscuri too, as patrons of mariners, were held in See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour. Later we find the See also:

WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of See also:

ISIS (Egyptian Ese)

Isis and of See also:

CYBELE, or CYBEBE (Gr. Ku/3X, Ku,(3i7sn)

Cybele,the latter being especially flourishing, with large corporations of dendrophori (priests who carried branches of trees in procession) and canephori (See also:

BASKET

basket-See also:

CARRIERS

carriers); the worship of See also:

MITHRAS

Mithras, too, had a large number of followers.

There was a See also:

temple of See also:

SERAPIS

Serapis at Portus. No traces of Jewish worship have been found at Ostia, but at Portus a considerable number of Jewish inscriptions in See also:

Greek have come to See also:

LIGHT

light. Of the See also:

church in Ostia there is no See also:

AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic See also:

RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record before the4th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century A.D., though there are several See also:

Christian inscriptions of an earlier date; but the first See also:

bishop of Ostia of whom we have any certain knowledge See also:

DATES

dates from A.D. 313. The see still continues, and is indeed held by the See also:

dean of the sacred See also:

COLLEGE (Collegium)

college of cardinals. A large number of the inscriptions are also connected with the various guilds—firemen (centonarii), carpenters and See also:

metal workers (fabri), boatmen, lightermen and others (see J. P. Waltzing, See also:

Les Corporations professionelles, See also:

BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels and See also:

Liege). Until See also:

TRAJAN [MARCUS ULPIUS TRAJANUS] (A. D. 53-117)

Trajan formed the See also:

PORT

port of Centumcellae (Civitavecchia) Ostia was the best harbour along the See also:

low sandy See also:

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of central Italy between See also:

MONTE

Monte Argentario and Monte Circeo. It is mentioned in 354 B.C. as a trading port, and became important as a See also:

NAVAL

naval harbour during the Punic See also:

WARS

Wars. Its See also:

commerce increased with the growth of Rome, and this, and the decay of See also:

agriculture in Italy, which obliged the See also:

capital to rely almost entirely on imported See also:

corn (the importation of which was, from 267 B.C. onwards, under the See also:

charge of a See also:

SPECIAL

special See also:

QUAESTOR (from Lat. quaero, investigate)

quaestor stationed at Ostia), rendered the See also:

possession of Ostia the See also:

key to the situation on more than one occasion (87 B.C., A.D. 409 and 537)• The inhabitants of the colony were thus regarded as a permanent See also:

garrison, and at first freed from the obligations of ordinary military service, until they were later on obliged to serve in the See also:

FLEET

fleet.

Ostia, however, was by no means an ideal harbour; the mouth of the Tiber is exposed to the See also:

south-See also:

west See also:

wind, which often did damage in the harbour itself; in A.D. 62 no less than 200 See also:

SHIPS

ships with their cargoes were sunk, and there was an important guild of See also:

DIVERS

divers (urinatores) at Ostia. The difficulties of the harbour were increased by the continued silting up, produced by the enormous amount of solid material brought down by the river. Even in See also:

STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo's See also:

time (v. 3. 5, p. 231) the harbour of Ostia had become dangerous: he speaks of it as a " See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city without a harbour owing to the silting up brought about by the Tiber . . . : the ships See also:

ANCHOR (from the Greek ayrcvpa, which Vossius considers is from 6yi17 , a crook or hook)

anchor at considerable See also:

RISK

risk in the roads, but the love of gain prevails: for the large number of lighters which receive the cargoes and reload them renders the time See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short before they can enter the river, and having lightened a See also:

PART

part of their cargoes they See also:

SAIL

sail in and ascend to Rome." See also:

Caesar had projected remedial See also:

MEASURES

measures, but (as in so many cases) had never been able to carry them out, and it was not until the time of See also:

Claudius that the problem was approached. That See also:

EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor constructed a large new harbour on the right bank, 22 M. N. of Ostia, with an See also:

AREA

area of 170 acres enclosed by two curving moles, with an artificial See also:

ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island, supporting a lofty lighthouse, in the centre of the space between them. This was connected with the Tiber by an artificial channel, and by this See also:

WORK

work Claudius, according to the inscriptions which he erected in A.D.

46, freed the city of Rome from the danger of inundation. The harbour was named by See also:

NERO (37-68)

Nero, Portus See also:

AUGUSTI, JOHANN CHRISTIAN WILHELM (1772-1841)

Augusti. Trajan found himself obliged in A.D. 103, owing to the silting up of the Claudian harbour, and the increase of See also:

trade, to construct another port further inland—a hexagonal See also:

basin enclosing an area of 97 acres with enormous warehouses—communicating with the harbour of Claudius and with the Tiber by means of the channel already constructed by Claudius, this channel being prolonged so as to give also See also:

DIRECT

direct See also:

ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to the See also:

sea. This became blocked in the See also:

MIDDLE

middle ages, but was reopened by See also:

Paul V. in 1612, and is still in use. Indeed it forms the right See also:

ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm of the Tiber, by which See also:

NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation is carried on at the See also:

PRESENT

present ..See also:

day, and is known as the Fossa Trajana. The island between the two arms acquired the name of Insula Sacra (still called Isola Sacra) by which See also:

PROCOPIUS

Procopius mentions it. Ostia thus lost a considerable amount of its trade, but its importance still continued to be See also:

GREAT

great. The 2nd and 3rd centuries, indeed, are the high-See also:

WATER

water See also:

mark of its prosperity: and it still possessed a See also:

mint in the 4th century A.D. During the See also:

GOTHIC

Gothic wars, however, trade was confined to Portus, and the ravages of pirates led to its See also:

GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual See also:

ABANDONMENT (Fr. abandonnement, from abandonner, to abandon, relinquish; abandonner was originally equivalent to mettred banddn, to leave to the jurisdiction, i.e. of another, bandon being from Low Latin bandum, bannum, order, decree, " ban ")

abandonment. See also:

Gregory IV. constructed in 83o a fortified See also:

ENCEINTE (Lat. in, within, cinctus, girdled; to be distinguished from the word meaning " pregnant," from in, not, and cinctus, i.e. with girdle loosened)

enceinte, called Gregoriopolis, in the eastern portion of the ancient city, and the See also:

SARACENS

Saracens were signally defeated here under See also:

Leo IV. (847–856).

The See also:

BATTLE

battle is represented in Giulio Romano's See also:

FRESCO (Ital. for cool, " fresh ")

fresco from See also:

RAPHAEL (Hebrew smm, " God heals ")

Raphael's See also:

DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design in the See also:

STANZA (Low Lat. stantia, Ital. stantia or stanza)

Stanza dell' Incendio in the Vatican. In the middle ages Ostia regained something of its importance, owing to the silting up of the right arm of the Tiber. In 1483–1486 Giuliano della Rovere (See also:

NEPHEW

nephew of See also:

Pope See also:

SIXTUS

Sixtus IV., and afterwards himself Pope See also:

JULIUS

Julius II.) caused the See also:

castle to be erected by See also:

BACCIO

Baccio Pontelli, a little to the See also:

east of the ancient city. It is built of See also:

BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick and is one of the finest specimens of See also:

RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance fortification, and exemplifies especially the transition from the old See also:

GIRDLE (O. Eng. gyrdel, from gyrdan, to gird; cf. Ger. Gurtel, Dutch gordel, from giirten and gorden; "gird" and its doublet " girth " together with the other Teutonic cognates have been referred by some to the root ghar—to seize, enclose, seen in Gr. )(s

girdle walls to the See also:

SYSTEM

system of bastions; it still has See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round corner towers, not polygonal bastions (See also:

Burckhardt). Under the shelter of the castle lies the modern See also:

VILLAGE

village. The small See also:

CATHEDRAL

cathedral of St Aurea, also an early Renaissance structure, with Gothic windows, is by some ascribed to Meo del Caprina (143o–15o1). Hitherto Ostia does not seem to have been very unhealthy. In 1557, however, a great See also:

flood caused the Tiber to See also:

CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change its course, so that it no longer flowed under the walls of the castle, but some See also:

HALF

half a mile farther west; and its old See also:

bed (See also:

FIUME (Slay. Rjeka, Rieka or Reka, Ger. St Veit am Flaum)

Fiume Morto) has ever since then served as a breeding ground for the malarial See also:

MOSQUITO (Span. mosquito, a gnat, diminutive of mosca, a fly)

mosquito (Anopheles claviger). An agricultural colony, founded at Ostia after 1875, and consisting mainly of cultivators from the neighbourhood of See also:

Ravenna, has produced a great change for the better in the See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the place. The modern village is a part of the See also:

commune of Rome. The marshes have been drained, and a pumping station erected near See also:

CASTEL, LOUIS BERTRAND (1688-1757)

Castel Fusano. An electric See also:

TRAMWAY

tramway has been constructed from Rome to Ostia and thence to the seashore, now some 2 M. distant, where sea-bathing is carried on.

Excavations on the site of Ostia were only begun towards the See also:

close of the 18th century, and no systematic work was done until 1854, when under See also:

PIUS

Pius IX. a considerable amount was done (the See also:

OBJECTS

objects are now in the Lateran museum). The See also:

ITALIAN

Italian See also:

government, to whom the greater part of it now belongs, laid See also:

BARE

bare many of the more important buildings in 188o–1889; but much was left undone. Owing to the fact that the site is largely covered with See also:

sand and to the See also:

ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of any later alterations, the preservation of the buildings excavated is very See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good, and Ostia is, with the exception of See also:

POMPEII

Pompeii, the best example in Italy of a town of the Roman period. On the east the site is approached by an ancient road, flanked by tombs. On the right (N.) are some small well-preserved thermae, and the See also:

barracks of the firemen (vigiles), a special See also:

COHORT (Lat. cohors)

cohort of whom was stationed here. On one See also:

side of the central courtyard of the latter building is a See also:

CHAPEL

chapel with inscribed pedestals for imperial statues (2nd and 3rd century A.D.) and a well-preserved See also:

black and See also:

white See also:

MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

mosaic representing a See also:

SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice (see J. Carcopino in Melanges de l'Ecole Francaise, 1907). To the south-west is the See also:

FORUM (Lat. from foris, " out of doors ")

Forum, an area 265 ft. square surrounded by colonnades, in which were placed the offices of the various collegia or guilds of boatmen, raftmen and others, which had a special importance at Ostia; the names of the guilds may still be read in inscriptions in the mosaic pavements of the See also:

chambers. In the centre of the area are the substructions of a temple, and on the south-east side are the remains of the See also:

THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, built in the early imperial period, restored by Septimius See also:

Severus in 196–197 and again in the 4th or 5th century. To the south-west of the Forum are the remains of three small temples, one dedicated to See also:

VENUS

Venus, and a well-preserved Mithraeum, with mosaics representing the seven See also:

PLANETS, MINOR

planets, &c. To the sputh-west again is the conspicuous brick See also:

CELLA

cella of a lofty temple, on arched substructures, generally supposed to be that of Vulcan, with a See also:

THRESHOLD

threshold See also:

block of africano (Euboean) See also:

MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble over 15 ft. See also:

long: from it a See also:

street over 20 ft. wide leads See also:

north-west to the river. It is flanked on each side by well-preserved warehouses, another See also:

GROUP

group of which, surrounding a large See also:

court, lies to the south-west.

The brick and See also:

OPUS ('O7rois)

opus reticulatum facing of the walls is especially See also:

FINE

fine. Hence an ancient road, leading between warehouses (into which the Tiber is encroaching), in one See also:

ROOM

room of which a number of well-preserved large jars may be seen embedded in the See also:

FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor, runs close to the river to a large private See also:

house with /herniae, in which five mosaics were found: it (groundlessly) bears the name of " imperial See also:

PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace." Farther to the south-west are remains of other warehouses, and (possibly) of the docks—long narrow chambers, which may have served359 to contain ships. Here are remains of (earlier) structures in opus quadratum whereas the great bulk. of the ruins are in See also:

BRICKWORK

brickwork and belong to the imperial period. The See also:

MEDIEVAL

medieval Torre Boacciana marks approximately the mouth of the river in Roman times. The south-eastern portion of the city has been excavated only very partially. To the south-west of the conspicuous temple alluded to are the remains of a temple of Cybele, with a See also:

PORTICO (Ital. for " porch," Lat. porticus)

portico. This See also:

lay close to the commencement of the Via See also:

SEVERIANA, VIA

Severiana (see SEVERIANA, VIA), and the See also:

LINE

line of tombs which flanked it soon begins. Farther south-east, a line of sand See also:

DUNES

dunes, covering the ruins of ancient villas, marks the coastline of the Roman period. Some 2 M. to the south-east is the See also:

PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine See also:

FOREST

forest of Castel Fusano, taking its name from a castle erected by the marchese See also:

SACCHETTI, FRANCO (c. 1335-c. 1400)

Sacchetti in the 16th century. It is now the See also:

PROPERTY

property of the Chigi and is leased to the See also:

king (see See also:

LAURENTINA, VIA

LAURENTINA, VIA). Here Drs See also:

Lowe and Sambon made the decisive experiments which proved that the See also:

PROPAGATION

propagation of See also:

MALARIA

malaria was due to the mosquito Anopheles claviger. See Notizie degli scavi, passim: H.

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