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See also:BURCKHARDT, See also:JOHN See also:LEWIS [JOHANN See also:LUDWIG] (1784-1817) , Swiss traveller and orientalist, was See also:born at See also:Lausanne on the 24th of See also:November 1784. After studying at See also:Leipzig and See also:Gottingen he visited See also:England in the summer of 18o6, carrying a See also:letter of introduction from the naturalist See also:Blumenbach to See also:Sir See also:Joseph See also:Banks, who, with the other members of the See also:African Association, accepted his offer to explore the interior of See also:Africa. After studying in See also:London and See also:Cambridge, and inuring himself to all kinds of hardships and privations, Burckhardt See also:left England in See also:March 1809 for See also:Malta, whence he proceeded, in the following autumn, to See also:Aleppo. In See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to obtain a better knowledge of See also:oriental See also:life he disguised himself as a Mussulman, and took the name of See also:Sheikh See also:Ibrahim See also:Ibn Abdallah. After two years passed in the See also:Levant he had thoroughly mastered Arabic, and had acquired such accurate knowledge of the See also:Koran, and of the commentaries upon its See also:religion and See also:laws, that after a See also:critical examination the most learned Mussulmans entertained no doubt of his being really what he professed to be, a learned doctorof their See also:law. During his See also:residence in See also:Syria he visited See also:Palmyra, See also:Damascus, See also:Lebanon and thence journeyed via See also:Petra to See also:Cairo with the intention of joining a See also:caravan to See also:Fezzan, and of exploring from there the See also:sources of the See also:Niger. In 1812, whilst waiting for the departure of the caravan, he travelled up the See also:Nile as far as See also:Dar Mahass; and then, finding it impossible to penetrate westward, he made a See also:journey through the Nubian See also:desert in the See also:character of a poor Syrian See also:merchant, passing by See also:Berber and See also:Shendi to See also:Suakin, on the Red See also:Sea, whence he performed the See also:pilgrimage to See also:Mecca by way of See also:Jidda. At Mecca he stayed three months and afterwards visited See also:Medina. After enduring privations and sufferings of the severest See also:kind, he returned to Cairo in See also:June 1815 in a See also:state of See also:great exhaustion; but in the See also:spring of 1816 he travelled to See also:Mount See also:Sinai, whence he returned to Cairo in June, and there again made preparations for his intended journey to Fezzan. Several hindrances prevented his prosecuting this intention, and finally, in See also:April 1817, when the See also:long-expected caravan prepared to depart, he was seized with illness and died on the 15th of See also:October. He had from See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time to time carefully transmitted to England his See also:journals and notes, and a very copious See also:series of letters, so that nothing which appeared to him to be interesting in the various journeys he made has been lost. He bequeathed his collection of Boo vols. of oriental See also:MSS. to the library of Cambridge University.
His See also:works were published by the African Association in the following order:—Travels in See also:Nubia (to which is prefixed a See also:biographical memoir) (1819) ; Travels in Syria and the See also:Holy See also:Land (1822) ; Travels in See also:Arabia (1829) ; Arabic See also:Proverbs, or the See also:Manners and Customs of the See also:Modern Egyptians (1830) ; Notes on the See also:Bedouins and Wahabys (1831).
End of Article: BURCKHARDT, JOHN LEWIS [JOHANN LUDWIG] (1784-1817)
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