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See also:JULIEN, STANISLAS (1797?-1873) , See also:French orientalist, was See also:born at See also:- ORLEANS
- ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
- ORLEANS, DUKES OF
- ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
- ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
- ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
- ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
- ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
- ORLEANS, PHILIP I
- ORLEANS, PHILIP II
Orleans, probably on the 13th of See also:April 1797. Stanislas Julien, a mechanic of Orleans, had two sons, See also:Noel, born on the 13th of April 1797, and Stanislas, born on the loth of See also:September 1799. It appears that the younger son died in See also:America, and that Noel then adopted his See also:brother's name. He studied See also:classics at the See also:college de See also:France, and in 1821 was appointed assistant See also:professor of See also:Greek. In the same See also:year he published an edition of the `EMv s dpira-y of See also:Coluthus, with versions in French, Latin, See also:English, See also:German, See also:Italian and See also:Spanish. He attended the lectures of See also:Abel See also:Remusat on See also:Chinese, and his progress was as rapid as it had been in other See also:languages. From the first, as if by See also:intuition, he mastered the See also:genius of the See also:language; and in 1824 he published a Latin See also:translation of a See also:part of the See also:works of See also:Mencius (See also:Mang-tse), one of the nine classical books of the Chinese. Soon afterwards he translated the See also:modern Greek odes of Kalvos under the See also:title of La See also:Lyre patriotique de la Grece. But such works were not profitable in a commercial sense, and, being without any patrimony, Julien was glad to accept the assistance of See also:Sir See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William See also:Drummond and others, until in 1827 he was appointed sub-librarian to the French See also:institute. In 1832 he succeeded Remusat as professor of Chinese at the college de France. In 1833 he was elected a member of the Academie See also:des See also:Inscriptions in the See also:place of the orientalist, See also:Antoine See also:Jean See also:Saint-See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
Martin. For some years his studies had been directed towards the dramatic and lighter literature of the Chinese, and in rapid See also:succession he now brought out See also:translations of the Hoei-lan-ki(L'Histoire du cercle de craie), a See also:drama in which occurs a See also:scene curiously analogous to the See also:judgment of See also:Solomon; the Pih shay tsing ki; and the Tchao-chi kou eul, upon which See also:Voltaire had founded his Orphelin de la Chine (1755). With the versatility which belonged to his genius, he next turned, apparently without difficulty, to the very different See also:style See also:common to Taoist writings, and translated in 1835 Le Livre des recompenses et des peines of Lao-tsze. About this See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time the cultivation of silkworms was beginning to attract See also:attention in France, and by See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order of the See also:minister of See also:agriculture Julien compiled, in 1837, a Resume des principaux traites chinois sur la culture des milriers, et l'See also:education des vers-d-soie, which was speedily translated into English, German, Italian and See also:Russian.
Nothing was more characteristic of his method of studying Chinese than his See also:habit of See also:collecting every peculiarity of See also:idiom and expression which he met with in his See also:reading; and, in order that others might reap the benefit of his experiences, he published in 1841 Discussions grammaticales sur certaines regles de position qui, en'chinois, jouent le name role que See also:les inflexions clans les autres langues, which he followed in 1842 by Exercices pratiques d'analyse, de syntaxe, et de lexigraphie chinoise. Meanwhile in 1839, he had been appointed See also:joint keeper of the Bibliotheque royale, with the especial superintendence of the Chinese books, and shortly afterwards he was made See also:administrator of the college de France.
The facility with which he had-learned Chinese, and the success which his proficiency commanded, naturally inclined less gifted scholars to resent the impatience with which he regarded their mistakes, and at different times See also:bitter controversies arose between Julien and his See also:fellow sinologues on the one subject which they had in common. In 1842 appeared from his busy See also:pen a translation of the Tao to See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King, the celebrated See also:work in which Lao-tsze attempted to explain his See also:idea of the relation existing between the universe and something which he called Tao, and on which the See also:religion of See also:Taoism is based. From Taoism to See also:Buddhism was a natural transition, and about this time Julien turned his attention to the Buddhist literature of See also:China, and more especially to the travels of Buddhist pilgrims to See also:India. In order that he might better understand the references to See also:Indian institutions,
and the transcriptions in Chinese of See also:Sanskrit words and proper names, he began the study of Sanskrit, and in 1853 brought out his Voyages du pelerin Hiouen-tsang, which is regarded by some critics as his most valuable work. Six years later he published Les Avaddnas, conies et apologues Indiens inconnus jusqu'd ce jour, suivis de poesies et de nuvelles chinoises. For the benefit of future students he disclosed his See also:system of deciphering Sanskrit words occurring in Chinese books in his Methode pour dechiffrer et transcrire les noms sanscrits qui se rencontrent daps les livres chinois (1861). This work, which contains much of See also:interest and importance, falls See also:short of the value which its author was accustomed to attach to it. It had escaped his observation that, since the translations of Sanskrit works into Chinese were undertaken in different parts of the See also:empire, the same Sanskrit words were of See also:necessity differently represented in Chinese characters in accordance with the dialectical See also:variations. No hard and fast See also:rule can therefore possibly be laid down for the decipherment of Chinese transcriptions of Sanskrit words, and the effect of this impossibility was See also:felt though not recognized by Julien, who in order to make See also:good his rule was occasionally obliged to suppose that wrong characters had by See also:mistake been introduced into the texts. His Indian studies led to a controversy with See also:Joseph See also:Toussaint See also:Reinaud, which was certainly not See also:free from the See also:gall of bitterness. Among the many subjects to which he turned his attention were the native See also:industries of China, and his work on the Histoire et fabrication de la porcelaine chinoise is likely to remain a See also:standard work on the subject. In another See also:volume he also published an See also:account of the Industries anciennes et modernes de l'empire chinois (1869), translated from native authorities. In the intervals of more serious undertakings he translated the See also:San tseu King (Le Livre des trois mots) ; Thsien tseu wen (Le Livre de mille mots) ; Les Deux cousines; Nouvelles chinoises; the Ping than See also:ling yen (Les Deux jeunes filles lettrees); and the Dialoghi Cinesi, Ji-Ich'ang k' eou-t' eou-koa. His last work of importance was Syntaxe nouvelle de la langue chinoise (1869), in which he gave the result of his study of the language, and collected a vast See also:array of facts and of idiomatic expressions. A more scientific arrangement and treatment of his subject would have added much to the value of this work, which, however, contains a mine of material which amply repays exploration. One See also:great See also:secret by which Julien acquired his grasp of Chinese, was, as we have said, his methodical collection of phrases and idiomatic expressions. Whenever in the course of his reading he met with a new phrase or expression, he entered it on a card which took its place in See also:regular order in a See also:long See also:series of boxes. At his See also:death, which took place on the 14th of See also:February 1873, he See also:left, it is said, 250,000 of such See also:cards, about the See also:fate of which, however, little seems to be known. In politics Julien was imperialist, and in 1863 he was made a See also:commander of the See also:legion of See also:honour in recognition of the services he had rendered to literature during the second empire.
See See also:notice and bibliography by Wallon, Mem. de l'Acad. des Inscr. (1884), xxxi. 409-458. (R. K.
End of Article: JULIEN, STANISLAS (1797?-1873)
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