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MUTINY

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Originally appearing in Volume V14, Page 415 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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MUTINY .) The Mutiny sealed the See also:

fate of the See also:East See also:India See also:company, after a See also:life of more than two and a See also:half centuries. The See also:Act for the Better See also:Government of India (1858), which finally transferred the entire See also:administration from the company to the See also:crown, was not passed without an eloquent protest from the See also:directors, nor without acrimonious party discussion in See also:parliament. It enacts that India shall be governed by, and in the name of, the See also:sovereign of See also:England through a See also:principal secretary of See also:state, assisted by a See also:council. The See also:governor-See also:general received the new See also:title of See also:viceroy. The See also:European troops of the company, numbering about 24,000 See also:officers and men, were amalgamated with the royal service, and the See also:Indian See also:navy was abolished. By the Indian See also:Councils Act 1861 the governor-general's council and also the councils at See also:Madras and Bombay were augmented by the addition of non-See also:official members, either natives or Europeans, for legislative purposes only; and by another act passed in the same See also:year high courts of judicature were constituted out of the existing See also:Transfer to the Crown. It See also:fell to the See also:lot of See also:Lord See also:Canning both to suppress the Mutiny and to introduce the peaceful revolution . that followed. As regards his See also:execution of the former See also:part of his duties, it is sufficient to say that he- preserved his equanimity undisturbed in the darkest See also:hours of peril, and that the strict impartiality of his conduct incurred alternate praise and blame from the fanatics on either See also:side. The epithet then scornfully applied to him of "Clemency" Canning is now remembered only to his See also:honour. On See also:November 1, 1858, at a See also:grand See also:durbar held at See also:Allahabad the royal See also:proclamation was published which announced that the See also:queen had assumed the government of India. This document, which has been called the Magna Charta of the Indian See also:people, went on to explain the policy of See also:political See also:justice and religious See also:toleration which it was her royal See also:pleasure to pursue, and granted an See also:amnesty to all except those who had directly taken part in the See also:murder of See also:British subjects, See also:Peace was See also:pro-claimed throughout India on the 8th of See also:July 1859; and in the following See also:cold See also:season Lord Canning made a , viceregal progress through the upper provinces, to receive the See also:homage of loyal princes and chiefs, and to See also:guarantee to them the right of See also:adoption. The suppression of the Mutiny increased the See also:debt of India by about 40 millions See also:sterling, and the military changes that ensued augmented the See also:annual See also:expenditure by about Io millions.

To grapple with this deficit, See also:

James See also:Wilson was sent out from the See also:treasury as See also:financial member of council. He reorganized the customs See also:system, imposed an income tax and See also:licence See also:duty and created a state See also:paper currency. The penal See also:code, originally See also:drawn up by See also:Macaulay in 1837, passed into See also:law in 186m, together with codes of See also:civil and criminal See also:procedure. Lord Canning See also:left India in See also:March 1862, and died before he had been a See also:month in England. His successor, Lord See also:Elgin, only lived till November 1863, when he too fell a victim to the excessive See also:work of the governor-generalship, dying at the Himalayan station of See also:Dharmsala, where he lies buried. He was succeeded by See also:Sir See also:John See also:Lawrence, the saviour of the See also:Punjab. The See also:chief incidents of his administration were the See also:Bhutan See also:war and the terrible See also:Orissa See also:famine of 1866. Lord See also:Mayo, who succeeded him in 1869, carried on the permanent British policy of moral and material progress with a See also:special degree of See also:personal See also:energy. The See also:Umballa durbar, at which ' Shere See also:Ali was recognized as See also:amir of See also:Afghanistan, though in one sense the completion of what Lord Lawrence had begun, owed much of its success to the personal See also:influence of Lord Mayo himself. The same quality, combined with sympathy and firmness, stood him in See also:good See also:stead in all. his dealings both with native chiefs and European officials; His example of hard work stimulated all to their best. While engaged in exploring with his Own eyes the furthest corners of the See also:empire, he fell by the See also:hand of an See also:assassin in the convict See also:settlement of the Andaman islands in 1872. His successor :Was Lord See also:Northbrook; whose ability showed' itself chiefly in the See also:department of See also:finance.

During the See also:

time of his administration a famine in See also:Lower See also:Bengal in 1874 was successfully obviated by government See also:relief and public See also:works, though at an enormous cost; the See also:gaekwar of See also:Baroda was dethroned in 1875 for misgovernment and disloyalty, while his dominions were continued to a nominated See also:child of the See also:family; and the See also:prince of See also:Wales (See also:Edward VII.) visited the See also:country in the cold season of 1875-I$76. Lord See also:Lytton followed Lord Northbrook in 1876. On the 1st Of See also:January 1897 Queen See also:Victoria was proclaimed empress of India at a durbar of See also:great magnificence, held on the historic "See also:Ridge" overlooking the See also:Mogul See also:capital See also:Delhi. But, while the princes and high officials of the country were flocking to this gorgeous See also:scene, the See also:shadow of famine was already darkening over the See also:south of India. Both the monsoons of 1876 had failed to bring their due See also:supply of See also:rain, and the season of 1877 was little 'better.

End of Article: MUTINY

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