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See also:VERONA, See also:CONGRESS OF , the last of the See also:series of inter-See also:national conferences or congresses based on the principle enunciated in See also:Art. 6 of the treaty of See also:Paris of See also:November loth, 1815 (see See also:EUROPE, See also:History). It met at Verona on the 20th
' The view of some scholars is that the See also:original walls were earlier than the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of See also:Gallienus, who reconstructed them on the old lines, taking in, however, the See also:amphitheatre.
of See also:October 1822. The See also:emperor See also:Alexander I. of See also:Russia was See also:present in See also:person. There were also present See also:Count See also:Nesselrode, the See also:Russian See also:minister of See also:foreign affairs; See also:Prince Metternich, representing See also:Austria; Prince See also:Hardenberg and Count See also:Bernstorff, representing See also:Prussia; MM. de See also:Montmorency and See also:Chateaubriand, representing See also:France; and the See also:duke of See also:Wellington, representing See also:Great See also:Britain in See also:place of See also:Lord See also:Londonderry (Castlereagh), whose tragic See also:death occurred on the See also:eve of his setting out to the congress.
In the instructions 'See also:drawn up by Londonderry for his own guidance, which had been handed to Wellington by See also:Canning without alteration, was clearly defined the attitude of Great Britain towards the three questions which it was supposed would be discussed, viz. the See also:Turkish Question (See also:Greek insurrection), the question of intervention in favour of the royal See also:power in See also:Spain, together with that of the revolted See also:Spanish colonies, and the See also:Italian Question. As regards the latter it was laid down that Great Britain could not See also:charge herself with any superintendence of a See also:system in which she had merely acquiesced, and the See also:duty of the See also:British minister would be merely to keep himself informed, and to see that nothing was done " inconsistent with the See also:European system and the See also:treaties." To make this attitude quite clear, Wellington was further instructed not to See also:hand in his See also:credentials until this question had been disposed of, his place being meanwhile taken by Lord Londonderry (See also:- STEWART, ALEXANDER TURNEY (1803-1876)
- STEWART, BALFOUR (1828-1887)
- STEWART, CHARLES (1778–1869)
- STEWART, DUGALD (1753-1828)
- STEWART, J
- STEWART, JOHN (1749—1822)
- STEWART, JULIUS L
- STEWART, SIR DONALD MARTIN (1824–19o0)
- STEWART, SIR HERBERT (1843—1885)
- STEWART, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1540—c. 1605)
- STEWART, STUART
- STEWART, WILLIAM (c. 1480-c. 1550)
Stewart), Castlereagh's See also:half-See also:brother and successor in the See also:title, who had fulfilled the same See also:function at See also:Troppau and See also:Laibach. In the Spanish Question Wellington was to give See also:voice to the uncompromising opposition of Great Britain to the whole principle of intervention. In the Turkish Question, the probable raising of which had alone induced the British See also:government to send a plenipotentiary to the congress, he was to suggest the eventual See also:necessity for recognizing the belligerent rights of the Greeks, and, in the event of concerted intervention, to be careful not to commit Great Britain beyond the limits of See also:good offices.
The immediate problems arising out of the Turkish Question had, however, been settled between the emperor Alexander and Metternich, to their mutual See also:satisfaction, at the preliminary conferences held at See also:Vienna in See also:September, and at Verona the only question raised was that of the proposed See also:French intervention in Spain. The discussion was opened by three questions formally propounded by Montmorency: (I) Would the See also:Allies withdraw their ministers from See also:Madrid in the event of France being compelled to do so? (2) In See also:case of See also:war, under what See also:form and by what acts would the See also:powers give France their moral support, so as to give to her See also:action the force of the See also:Alliance, and inspire a salutary fear in the revolutionaries of all countries? (3) What material aid would the powers give, if asked by France to intervene, under restrictions which she would declare and they would recognize?
The reply of Alexander, who expressed his surprise at the See also:desire of France to keep the question " wholly French, " was to offer to See also:march 150,000 Russians through See also:Germany to See also:Piedmont, where they could be held ready to See also:act against the See also:Jacobins whether in Spain or France. This See also:solution appealed to Metternich and Montmorency as little as to Wellington; but though See also:united in opposing it, four days of " confidential communications " revealed a fundamental difference of See also:opinion between the representative of Great Britain and those of the See also:continental powers on the See also:main point at issue. Wellington, firmly based on the principle of non-intervention, refused to have anything to do with the See also:suggestion, made by Metternich, that the powers should address a See also:common See also:note to the Spanish government in support of the action of France. Finally, Metternich proposed that the Allies should " hold a common See also:language, but in See also:separate notes, though See also:uniform in their principles and See also:objects." This solution was adopted by the continental powers; and Wellington, in accordance with his instructions not to countenance any intervention in Spanish affairs, took no See also:part in the conferences that followed. On the 3oth of October the powers handed in their formal replies to the French memorandum.
Russia, Austria and Prussia would act as France should in respect of their ministers in Spain, and would give to France every countenance and assistance she might require, the details " being reserved to be specified in a treaty." Wellington, on the other hand, replied on behalf of Great Britain that " having no knowledge of the cause of dispute, and not being able to form a See also:judgment upon a hypothetical case, he could give no See also:answer to any of the questions."
Thus was proclaimed the open See also:breach of Great Britain with the principles and policy of the Great Alliance, which is what gives to the congress its main See also:historical See also:interest.
See See also:Cambridge See also:Modern Hist., See also:chap. i. " The Congresses," by W. See also:Alison See also:Phillips, and for authorities, ibid. p. 787. (W. A. P.) VERONAL, in See also:medicine, diethylmalonyl See also:urea or diethylbarbituric See also:acid (C2II6)2C[CO NH]2CO, extensively used as a hypnotic. It is prepared by condensing diethylmalonic ester with urea in the presence of See also:sodium ethylate, or by acting with See also:ethyl iodide on the See also:silver See also:salt of malonyl urea; it forms a See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
white crystalline See also:powder, which is odourless, and has a slightly See also:bitter See also:taste. Its introduction followed the investigations of Emil See also:Fischer and J. v. Merling on the pharmacological properties of certain open and closed ureides. Led thereto by the impression that hypnotic action appears to be largely dependent on the presence of ethyl See also:groups, they prepared diethylacetyl urea, diethylmalonyl urea, and dipropylmalonyl urea. All three were found to be hypnotics: the first was about equal in power to See also:sulphonal, whilst the third was four times as powerful, but its use was attended by prolonged after-effects. Veronal was found to be midway. It is best given in cachets (10 to 15 grains). As it does not affect the circulatory or See also:respiratory systems, or temperature, it can be employed in many diseased conditions of the See also:heart and lungs as well as in See also:mental disturbances, acute alcoholism, morphinomania and See also:kidney disease. If taken during a prolonged See also:period it seems to lose its effect. A soluble salt of veronal has been introduced under the name of medinal. Although the toxicity of veronal is See also:low, 135 grains having been taken in a single dose without serious results, the unreasonable See also:consumption by persons suffering from See also:insomnia has led to many deaths, and it has been suggested that the See also:sale should be restricted by the See also:Pharmacy Acts.
End of Article: VERONA, CONGRESS OF
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