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See also:BERNSTORFF, JOHANN HARTWIG See also:ERNST, See also:COUNT VON
(1712-1772), Danish statesman, who came of a very See also:ancient See also:Mecklenburg See also:family, was the son of See also:Joachim Engelke, Freiherr von Bernstorff, See also:- CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
- CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836— )
- CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE (1828– )
- CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES (1820-1902)
chamberlain to the elector of See also:Hanover, and was See also:born on the 13th of May 1712. His maternal grandfather, Andreas Gottlieb Bernstorff (164o-1726), had been one of the ablest ministers of See also:George I., and under his guidance Johann
was very carefully educated, acquiring amongst other things that intimate knowledge of the leading See also:European See also:languages, especially See also:French, which ever afterwards distinguished him. He was introduced into the Danish service by his relations, the See also:brothers Plessen, who were ministers of See also:state under See also:Christian VI. In 1732 he was sent on a See also:diplomatic See also:mission to the See also:court of See also:Dresden; and from 1738 he represented See also:Holstein at the See also:diet of See also:Regensburg, from 1744 to 1750 he represented See also:Denmark at See also:Paris, whence he returned in 1754 to Denmark as See also:minister of See also:foreign affairs. Supported by the powerful favourite A. G. See also:Moltke, and highly respected by See also:Frederick V., he occupied for twenty-one years the highest positionin thegovernment,andin the See also:council of state his See also:opinion was decisive. But his See also:chief concern was with foreign affairs. Ever since the conclusion of the See also:Great See also:Northern See also:War, Danish statesmen had been occupied in harvesting its fruits, namely, the Gottorp portions of See also:Schleswig definitely annexed to Denmark in 1721 by the treaty of Nystad, and endeavouring to bring about a definitive See also:general under-See also:standing with the See also:house of Gottorp as to their remaining possessions in Holstein. With the See also:head of the See also:Swedish See also:branch of the Gottorps, the See also:crown See also:prince See also:Adolphus Frederick, things had been arranged by the See also:exchange of 1750; but an See also:attempt to make a similar arrangement with the chief of the See also:elder Gottorp See also:line, the cesarevitch See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter Feodorovich, had failed. In intimate connexion with the Gottorp affair stood the question of the See also:political See also:equilibrium of the See also:north. Ever since See also:Russia had become the dominant Baltic See also:power, as well as the state to which the Gottorpers looked primarily for help, the See also:necessity for a better understanding between the two Scandinavian kingdoms had clearly been recognized by the best statesmen of both, especially in Denmark from Christian VI.'s See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time; but unfortunately this See also:sound and sensible policy was seriously impeded by the survival of the old See also:national hatred on both sides of the Sound, still further complicated by Gottorp's hatred of Denmark. Moreover, it was a diplomatic See also:axiom in Denmark, founded on experience, that an See also:absolute See also:monarchy in See also:Sweden was incomparablymore dangerous to her See also:neighbour than a limited monarchy, and after the collapse of Swedish See also:absolutism with See also:Charles XII., the upholding of the comparatively feeble, and ultimately anarchical, See also:parliamentary See also:government of Sweden became a question of principle with Danish statesmen throughout the 18th See also:century. A friendly See also:alliance with a relatively weak Sweden was the See also:cardinal point of Bernstorff's policy. But his plans were traversed again and again by unforeseen complications, the failure of the most promising presumptions, the perpetual shifting of apparently See also:stable alliances; and again and again he had to modify his means to attain his ends. Amidst all these perplexities Bernstorff approved himself a consummate statesman. It seemed almost as if his wits were sharpened into a keener edge by his very difficulties; but since the condemned on principle every war which was not strictly defensive, and it had fallen to his See also:lot to See also:guide a comparatively small power, he always preferred the way of negotiation, even sometimes where the diplomatic tangle would perhaps best have been severed boldly by the See also:sword. The first difficult problem he had to See also:face was the Seven Years' War. He was determined to preserve the See also:neutrality of Denmark at any cost, and this he succeeded in doing, despite the existence of a See also:subsidy-treaty with the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Prussia, and the suspicions of See also:England and Sweden. It was through his initiative, too, that the See also:convention of Iiloster-Seven was signed (loth of See also:September 1757), and on the 4th of May 1758 he concluded a still more promising treaty with See also:France, whereby, in See also:consideration of Denmark's holding an See also:army-See also:corps of 24,000 men in Holstein till the end of the war, to secure See also:Hamburg, See also:Lubeck and the Gottorp See also:part of Holstein from invasion, France, and ultimately See also:Austria also, engaged to bring about an exchange between the king of Denmark and the cesarevitch, as regards Holstein. But the course of the war made this compact inoperative. Austria hastened to repudiate her See also:guarantee to Denmark in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order not to offend the new See also:emperor of Russia, Peter III., and one of Peter's first acts on ascending the See also:throne was to declare war against Denmark. The coolness
and firmness of Bernstorff saved the situation. He protested that the king of Denmark was See also:bound to defend Schleswig " so See also:long as there was a sword in Denmark and a drop of See also:blood in the See also:veins of the Danish See also:people." He rejected the insulting See also:ultimatum of the See also:Russian emperor. He placed the best French general of the See also:day at the head of the well-equipped Danish army. But just as the Russian and Danish armies had come within striking distance, the tidings reached See also:Copenhagen that Peter III. had been overthrown by his See also:consort. Bernstorff was one of the first to recognize the See also:impotence of the French monarchy after the Seven Years' War, and in 1763 he considered it expedient to exchange the French for the Russian alliance, which was cemented by the treaty of the 28th of See also:April (See also:March 11) 1765. This compact engaged Denmark to join with Russia in upholding the existing Swedish constitution, in return for which See also:Catherine II. undertook to adjust the Gottorp difficulty by the cession of the Gottorp portion of Holstein in ex-See also:change for the counties of See also:Oldenburg and See also:Delmenhorst. For his part in this treaty Bernstorff was created count. On the See also:accession of Christian VII., in 1766, Bernstorff's position became very See also:precarious, and he was exposed to all manner of attacks, being accused, without a See also:shadow of truth, of exploiting Denmark, and of unduly promoting foreigners. It is remarkable, however, that though Bernstorff ruled Denmark for twenty years he never learnt Danish. His last political achievement was to draw still closer to Russia by the treaty of the 13th of See also:December 1769, the most important See also:paragraph of which stipulated that any change in the Swedish constitution should be regarded by Denmark and Russia as a casts See also:- BELL
- BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
- BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
- BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
- BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
- BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
- BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
- BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
- BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
- BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
- BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
- BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)
bell% against Sweden, and that in the event of such a war Denmark should retain all the territory conquered from Sweden. This treaty proved to be a great See also:mistake on Denmark's part, but circumstances seemed at the time to See also:warrant it. Nine months later, on the 13th of September 1770, Bernstorff was dismissed as the result of See also:Struensee's intrigues, and, rejecting the brilliant offers of Catherine II. if he would enter the Russian service, retired to his See also:German estates, where he died on the 18th of See also:February 1772. Bernstorff was not only one of the ablest but one of the noblest and most conscientious statesmen of his day. The See also:motto he See also:chose on receiving the order of the Daneborg was " Integritas et rectum custodiunt me," and throughout a long See also:life he was
never false to it.
See Poul Vedel, Den aeldre Grev Bernstorffs ministerium (Copenhagen, 1882); See also:Correspondence ministerielle du See also:Comte J. H. E. Bernstorff, ed. Vedel (Copenhagen, 1882) ; Aage See also:Friis, Bernstorfferne og Danmark (Copenhagen, 1899). (R. N.
End of Article: BERNSTORFF, JOHANN HARTWIG ERNST, COUNT
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