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See also:LAIBACH (Slovenian, Ljubljana) , See also:capital of the See also:Austrian duchy of See also:Carniola, 237 M. S.S.W. of See also:Vienna by See also:rail. Pop. (1900) 36,547, mostly Slovene. It is situated on the Laibach, near its influx into the See also:Save, and consists of the See also:town proper and eight suburbs. Laibach is an episcopal see, and possesses a See also:cathedral in the See also:Italian See also:style, several beautiful churches, a town See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
hall in See also:Renaissance style and a See also:castle, built in the 15th See also:century, on the Schlossberg, an See also:eminence which commands the town. Laibach is the See also:principal centre of the See also:national Slovenian See also:movement, and it contains a Slovene See also:theatre and several See also:societies for the promotion of See also:science and literature in the native See also:tongue. The Slovenian See also:language is in See also:general See also:official use, and the municipal See also:administration is purely Slovenian. The See also:industries includemanufactures of pottery, bricks, oil, See also:linen and woollen See also:cloth, See also:fire-See also:hose and See also:paper.
Laibach is supposed to occupy the site of the See also:ancient Emona or Aemona, founded by the See also:emperor See also:Augustus in 34 B.c. It was besieged by See also:Alaric in 400, and in 451 it was desolated by the See also:Huns. In 90o Laibach suffered much from the See also:Magyars, who were, however, defeated there in 914. In the 12th century the town passed into the hands of the See also:dukes of See also:Carinthia; in 127o it was taken by Ottocar of Bohemia; and in 1277 it came under the Habsburgs. In the See also:early See also:part of the 15th century the town was several times besieged by the See also:Turks. The bishopric was founded in 1461. On the 17th of See also:March 1797 and again on the 3rd of See also:June 1809 Laibach was taken by the See also:French, and from 1809 to 1813 it became the seat of their general See also:government of the Illyrian provinces. From 1816 to 1849 Laibach was the capital of the See also:kingdom of See also:Illyria. The town is also historic-ally known from the See also:congress of Laibach, which assembled here in 1821 (see below). Laibach suffered severely on the 14th of See also:April 1895 from an See also:earthquake.
Congress or See also:Conference of Laibach.—Before the break-up of the conference of See also:Troppau (q.v.), it had been decided to adjourn it till the following See also:January, and to invite the attendance of the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Naples, Laibach being chosen as the See also:place of See also:- MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)
meeting. Castlereagh, in the name of See also:Great See also:Britain, had cordially approved this invitation, as " implying negotiation " and there-fore as a See also:retreat from the position taken up in the Troppau See also:Protocol. Before leaving Troppau, however, the three autocratic See also:powers, See also:Russia, See also:Austria and See also:Prussia, had issued, on the 8th of See also:December 182o, a circular See also:letter, in which they reiterated the principles of the Protocol, i.e. the right and See also:duty of the powers responsible for the See also:peace of See also:Europe to intervene to suppress any revolutionary movement by which they might conceive that peace to be endangered (Hertslet, No. Io5). Against this view Castlereagh once more protested in a circular despatch of the Igth of January 1821, in which he clearly differentiated between the objectionable general principles advanced by the three powers, and the particular See also:case of the unrest in See also:Italy, the immediate concern not of Europe at large, but of Austria and of any other Italian powers which might consider themselves endangered (Hertslet, No. 107).
The conference opened on the 26th of January 1821, and its constitution emphasized the divergences revealed in the above circulars. The emperors of Russia and Austria were See also:present in See also:person, and with them were See also:Counts See also:Nesselrode and See also:Capo d'See also:Istria, Metternich and See also:Baron See also:Vincent; Prussia and See also:France were represented by plenipotentiaries. But Great Britain, on the ground that she had no immediate See also:interest in the Italian question, was represented only by See also:Lord See also:- STEWART, ALEXANDER TURNEY (1803-1876)
- STEWART, BALFOUR (1828-1887)
- STEWART, CHARLES (1778–1869)
- STEWART, DUGALD (1753-1828)
- STEWART, J
- STEWART, JOHN (1749—1822)
- STEWART, JULIUS L
- STEWART, SIR DONALD MARTIN (1824–19o0)
- STEWART, SIR HERBERT (1843—1885)
- STEWART, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1540—c. 1605)
- STEWART, STUART
- STEWART, WILLIAM (c. 1480-c. 1550)
Stewart, the See also:ambassador at Vienna, who was not armed with full powers, his See also:mission being to See also:watch the proceedings and to see that nothing was done beyond or in violation of the See also:treaties. Of the Italian princes, See also:Ferdinand of Naples and the See also:duke of See also:Modena came in person; the See also:rest were represented by plenipotentiaries.
It was soon clear that a more or less open See also:breach between Great Britain and the other powers was inevitable. Metternich was anxious to secure an apparent unanimity of the powers to back the Austrian intervention in Naples, and every See also:device was used to entrap the See also:English representative into subscribing a See also:formula which would have seemed to commit Great Britain to the principles of the other See also:allies. When these devices failed, attempts were made unsuccessfully to exclude Lord Stewart from the conferences on the ground of defective powers. Finally he was forced to an open protest, which he caused to be inscribed on the See also:journals, but the See also:action of Capo d'Istria in See also:reading to the assembled Italian ministers, who were by no means reconciled to the large claims implied in the Austrian intervention, a See also:declaration in which as the result of the " intimate See also:union established by See also:solemn acts between all the See also:European powers " the See also:Russian emperor offered to the allies " the aid of his arms, should new revolutions threaten new dangers," an See also:attempt to revive that See also:idea of a " universal union " based on the See also:Holy See also:Alliance (q.v.) against which Great Britain had consistently protested.
The objections of Great Britain were, however, not so much to an Austrian intervention in Naples as to the far-reaching principles by which it was sought to justify it. King Ferdinand had been invited to Laibach, according to the circular of the
8th of December, in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order that he might be See also:free to See also:act as " mediator between his erring peoples and the states whose tranquillity they threatened." The cynical use he made of his " freedom " to repudiate obligations solemnly contracted is described elsewhere (see NAPLES, See also:History). The result of this action was the Neapolitan declaration of See also:war and the occupation of Naples by Austria, with the See also:sanction of the congress. This was preceded, on the loth of March, by the revolt of the See also:garrison of See also:Alessandria and the military revolution in See also:Piedmont, which in its turn was suppressed, as a result of negotiations at Laibach, by Austrian troops. It was at Laibach, too, that, on the 19th of March, the emperor See also:Alexander received the See also:news of See also:Ypsilanti's invasion of the Danubian principalities, which heralded the outbreak of the War of See also:Greek See also:Independence, and from Laibach Capo d'Istria addressed to the Greek See also:leader the See also:tsar's repudiation of his action.
The conference closed on the 12th of May, on which date Russia, Austria and Prussia issued a declaration (Hertslet, No. 1o8) " to proclaim to the See also:world the principles which guided them " in coming `.` to the assistance of subdued peoples," a declaration which once more affirmed the principles of the Troppau Protocol. In this See also:lay the European significance of the Laibach conference, of which the activities had been mainly confined to Italy. The issue of the declaration without the signatures of the representatives of Great Britain and France proclaimed the disunion of the alliance; within which—to use Lord Stewart's words—there existed " a triple understanding which See also:bound the parties to carry forward their own views in spite of any difference of See also:opinion between them and the two great constitutional governments."
No See also:separate history of the congress exists, but innumerable references are to be found in general histories and in See also:memoirs, See also:correspondence, &c., of the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time. See See also:Sir E. Hertslet, See also:Map of Europe (See also:London, 1875); Castlereagh, Correspondence; Metternich, Memoirs; N. Bianchi, Storia documentata della diplomazia Europea in Italia (8 vols., See also:Turin, 1865—1872) ; See also:Gentz's correspondence (see GENTZ, F. VON). Valuable unpublished correspondence is preserved at the See also:Record See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
Office in the volumes marked F. O., Austria, Lord Stewart, January to See also:February 1821, and March to See also:September 1821. (W. A.
End of Article: LAIBACH (Slovenian, Ljubljana)
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