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CARNIOLA (Ger. Krain)
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See also:CARNIOLA (Ger. Krain) , a duchy and See also:crown-See also:land of See also:Austria, bounded N. by See also:Carinthia, N.E. by See also:Styria, S.E. and S. by Croatia, and W. by See also:Gorz and See also:Gradisca, See also:Trieste and See also:Istria. It has an See also:area of 3856 sq. m. Carniola is for the most See also:part a mountainous region, occupied in the N. by the See also:Alps, and in the S. by the See also:Karst (q.v.) or Carso Mountains. It is traversed by the See also:Julian Alps, the Karawankas and the See also:Steiner Alps, which belong all to the See also:southern See also:zone of the Eastern Alps. The highest point in the Julian Alps is formed by the three See also:sugar-See also:loaf peaks of the Triglav or Terglou (9394 ft.), which offers one of the finest views in the whole of the Alps, and which bears on its See also:northern declivity the only See also:glacier in the See also:province. The Triglav is the dividing range between the Alps and the Karst Mountains, and its huge See also:mass also forms the barrier between three races: the See also:German, the See also:Slavonic and the See also:Italian. Other high peaks are the Ma.ngart (8784 ft.) and the Jaluz (8708 ft.). The Karawankas, which See also:form the boundary between Carinthia and Carniola, have as their highest See also:peak the Stou or Stuhlberg (7344 ft.), and are traversed by the Loibl Pass (4492 ft.). They are continued by the Steiner or Santhaler Alps, which have as their highest peak the Grintouz or Grintovc (8393 ft.). This peak is situated on the threefold boundary of Carinthia, Carniola and Styria, and affords a magnificent view of the whole Alpine neighbouring region. The southern part of Carniola is occupied by the following divisions of the northern ramifications of the Karst Mountains: the Birnbaumer Wald with the highest peak, the Nanos (4275 ft.), and the Krainer See also:Schneeberg (5890 ft.); the Hornwald with the highest peak, the Hornbiichl (3608 ft.), and the Uskokengebirge (3874 ft.). The portion of Carniola belonging to the Karst region presents a See also:great number of caves, subterranean streams, funnels and similar phenomena. Amongst the best-known are the grottos of See also:Adelsberg, the larger ones of, Planina and the Kreuzberghohle near See also:Laas. With the exception of the See also:Idria and the Wippach, which as tributaries of the Isonzo belong to the See also:basin of the Adriatic, Carniola belongs to the See also:watershed of the See also:Save. The Save or Sau rises within the duchy, and is formed by the junction at Radmannsdorf of its two See also:head-streams the Wurzener Save and the Wocheiner Save. Its See also:principal affluents are the See also:Kanker and the Steiner Feistritz on the See also:left, and the Zeyer or See also:Sora, the See also:Laibach and the Gurk on the right. The most remarkable of these See also:rivers is the Laibach, which rises in the Karst region under the name of Poik, takes afterwards a subterranean course and traverses the Adelsberg grotto, and appears again on the See also:surface near Planina under the name of Unz. Shortly after this it takes for the second See also:time a subterranean course, to appear finally on the surface near Oberlaibach. The small torrent of Rothwein, which flows into the Wurzener Save, forms near Veldes the splendid See also:series of cascades known as the Rothwein Fall. Amongst the principal lakes are the Wochein, the See also:Weissenfels, the Veldes, and the seven small lakes of the Triglav; while in the Karst region lies the famous periodical See also:lake of Zirknitz, known to the See also:Romans as Lacus Lugens or Lugea Palus. The See also:climate is rather severe, and the southern part is exposed to the See also:cold See also:north-eastern See also:wind, known as the See also:Bora. The mean See also:annual temperature at Laibach is 48.4° F., and the rainfall amounts to 72 ins. Of the See also:total area only 14.8% is under cultivation, and the crops do not suffice for the needs of the province; forests occupy 44'4%, 17'2% are meadows, 15.7% are pastures, and 1'17% of the See also:soil is covered by vineyards. Large quantities of See also:flax are grown, while the See also:timber See also:trade is of considerable importance. See also:Fish and See also:game are plentiful, and the silkworm is bred in the warmer districts. The principal See also:mining product is See also:mercury, extracted at Idria, while See also:iron and See also:copper ore, See also:zinc and See also:coal are also found. The See also:industry is not well See also:developed, but the See also:weaving of See also:linen and See also:lace is pursued as a See also:household industry.
Carniola had in 1900 a See also:population of 508,348, which corresponds to 132 inhabitants per sq. m. Nearly 95% were See also:Slovenes and 5% Germans, while 99% of the population belonged to the See also:Roman See also:Catholic See also: The Slavonic population settled here during the end of the 6th and the beginning of the 7th See also:century. Conquered by See also:Charlemagne, the most of the See also:district was bestowed on the See also:duke of See also:Friuli; but in the loth century the See also:title of See also:margrave of Carniola began to be See also:borne by a See also:family See also:resident in the See also:castle of Kieselberg near Krainburg. Various parts of the See also:present territory were, however, held by other lords, such as the duke of Carinthia and the bishop of See also:Freising. Towards the See also:close of the 14th century all the See also:separate portions ha4 come by See also:inheritance or See also:bequest into the hands of See also:Rudolph IV. of Austria, who took the title of duke of Carniola; and since then the duchy has remained a part of the See also:Austrian possessions, except during the See also:short See also:period from 1809 to 1813, when it was incorporated with the See also:French Illyrian Provinces. In 1849 it became a separate crown-land. See Dimitz, Geschichte Krains von der altesten -Zeit bis 1813 (4 vols., Laibach, 1874-1876). Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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