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PANNONIA

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Originally appearing in Volume V20, Page 681 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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PANNONIA , in See also:

ancient See also:geography a See also:country bounded See also:north and See also:east by the See also:Danube, conterminous westward with See also:Noricum and upper See also:Italy, and southward with See also:Dalmatia and upper See also:Moesia. It thus corresponds to the See also:south-western See also:part of See also:Hungary, with portions of See also:lower See also:Austria, See also:Styria, See also:Carniola, Croatia, and Slavonia. Its See also:original inhabitants (Pannonii, sometimes called Paeonii by the Greeks) were probably of Illyrian See also:race. From the 4th See also:century B.C. it was invaded by various See also:Celtic tribes, probably survivors of the hosts of See also:Brennus, the See also:chief of whom were the Carni, See also:Scordisci and Taurisci. Little is heard of Pannonia until 35 B.C., when its inhabitants, having taken up arms in support of the Dalmatians, were attacked by See also:Augustus, who conquered and occupied Siscia (See also:Sissek). The country was not, however, definitely subdued until 9 B.C., when it was incorporated with See also:Illyria, the frontier of which was thus extended as far as the Danube. In A.D. 7 the Pannonians, with the Dalmatians and other Illyrian tribes, revolted, and. wereovercome by Tiberius and Germanicus, after a hard-fought See also:campaign which lasted for two years. In A.D. 10 Pannonia was organized as a See also:separate See also:province—according to A. W. See also:Zumpt (Stadia See also:romana), not till A.D.

2o; at least, when the three. legions stationed there mutinied after the See also:

death of Augustus (A.D. 14), See also:Junius Blaesus is spoken of by See also:Tacitus (See also:Annals, i. 16) as See also:legate of Pannonia and See also:commander of the legions. The proximity of dangerous See also:barbarian tribes (Quadi, See also:Marcomanni) necessitated the presence of a large number of troops (seven legions in later times), and numerous fortresses were built on the See also:bank of the Danube. Some See also:time between the years 102 and 107, which marked the termination of the first and second Dacian See also:wars, See also:Trajan divided the province into Pannonia See also:superior (i7 avw), the western, and inferior (i7 KaTw), the eastern portion. According to See also:Ptolemy, these divisions were separated by a See also:line See also:drawn from Arrabona (Raab) in the north to Servitium (Gradiska) in the south; later, the boundary was placed farther east. The whole country was sometimes called the Pannonias (Pannoniae). Pannonia, superior was under the consular legate, who had formerly administered the single province, and had three legions under his See also:control : Pannonia inferior at first under a praetorian legate with a single See also:legion as See also:garrison, after See also:Marcus Aurelius under a consular legate, still with only one legion. The frontier on the Danube was protected by the See also:establishment of the two colonies Aelia Mursia (Esse) and Aelia Aquincum (Alt-Ofen, See also:modern Buda) by See also:Hadrian. Under See also:Diocletian a fourfold See also:division of the country was made. Pannonia inferior was divided into (1) See also:Valeria (so called from Diocletian's daughter, the wife of See also:Galerius), extending along the Danube from See also:Altinum (See also:Mohacs) to Brigetio (O-Szony), and (2) Pannonia secunda, See also:round about Sirmium (Mitrovitz) at the See also:meeting of the valleys of the See also:Save, See also:Drave, and Danube. Pannonia superior was divided into (3) Pannonia prima, its See also:northern, and (4) Savia (also called Pannonia ripariensis), its See also:southern part.

Valeria and Pannonia prima were under a praeses and a See also:

dux; Pannonia secunda under a consularis and a dux; Savia under a dux and, later a corrector. In the See also:middle of the 5th century Pannonia was ceded to the See also:Huns by See also:Theodosius II., and after the death of See also:Attila successively passed into the hands of the See also:Ostrogoths, Longobards (See also:Lombards), and See also:Avars. The inhabitants of Pannonia are described as brave and warlike, but cruel and treacherous. Except in the mountainous districts, the country was fairly productive, especially after the See also:great forests had been cleared by See also:Probus and Galerius. Before that time See also:timber had been one of its most important exports. Its chief agricultural products were oats and See also:barley, from which the inhabitants brewed a See also:kind of See also:beer named sabaea. Vines and See also:olive-trees were little cultivated, the former having been first introduced in the neighbourhood of Sirmium by Probus. Saliunca (Celtic, nard) was a See also:common growth, as in Noricum. Pannonia was also famous for its breed of See also:hunting-See also:dogs. Although no mention is made of its See also:mineral See also:wealth by the ancients, it is probable that it contained See also:iron and See also:silver mines. Its chief See also:rivers were the Dravus (Drave), Savus (Save), and Arrabo (Raab), in addition to the Danuvius (less correctly, Danubius), into which the first three rivers flow. The native settlements consisted of pagi (cantons) containing a number of vici (villages), the See also:majority of the large towns being of See also:Roman origin.

In Upper Pannonia were Vindobona (See also:

Vienna), probably founded by See also:Vespasian; See also:Carnuntum (q.v., Petronell); Arrabona (Raab), a considerable military station; Brigetio; Savaria or Sabaria (See also:Stein-am-Anger), founded by See also:Claudius, a frequent See also:residence of the later emperors, and See also:capital of Pannonia prima; Poetovio (Pettau); Siscia, a See also:place of great importance down to the end of the See also:empire; Emona (See also:Laibach), later assigned to Italy; Nauportus (Ober-Laibach). In Lower Pannonia were Sirmium, first mentioned in A.D. 6, also a frequent residence of the later emperors; Sopianae (Ftinfkirchen), seat of the praeses of Valeria, and an important place at the meeting of five roads; Aquincum, the residence of the dux of Valeria, the seat of legio iy adjutrix. See J. See also:Marquardt, Romische..Staatsverwaltung, i. (2nd ed.,1881), 291; Corpus inscriptionum latinarum, iii. 415; G. Zippel, See also:Die romische Herrschaft in Illyrien (See also:Leipzig, 1877); See also:Mommsen, Provinces of the Roman Empire (Eng. trans.), i. 22, 38; A. Forbiger, Handbuch der See also:alien Geographic von See also:Europa (See also:Hamburg, 1877) ; See also:article in See also:Smith's See also:Dictionary of See also:Greek and Roman Geography, ii. (1873); Ptolemy, ii. 15, 16; See also:Pliny, Nat.

Hist. ii. 28; See also:

Strabo vii. 313; Dio See also:Cassius xlix. 34-38, liv. 31–34, Iv. 28–32; See also:Veil Pat. ii. L1o.

End of Article: PANNONIA

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