|
TURIN , a See also:city of See also:Piedmont, See also:Italy, See also:capital of the See also:province of Turin, formerly of the See also:kingdom of See also:Sardinia until I86o, and of Italy till the removal of the seat of See also:government to See also:Florence in 1865. Pop. (1906), 277,121 (See also:town), 361,720 (See also:commune), with a See also:garrison of 85o0, the town being the headquarters of the I. See also:army See also:corps. The See also:area of the city is 4155 acres, and its See also:octroi circle See also:measures nearly 9 m. Its See also:geographical position is excellent; built upon alluvial See also:soil 784 ft. above See also:sea-level at a See also:short distance from the See also:Alps, it stands upon the See also:river Po, which here runs from See also:south to See also:north just above the confluence of the Dora Riparia. The streets and avenues, almost all of which are straight, cut each other at right angles, forming blocks of houses, here as else-where called " islands." As viewed from the See also:east the city stands out boldly against the Alps. Taken as a whole it is See also:modern in aspect, but its regularity of See also:form is in reality derived from the See also:ancient See also:Roman town of See also:Augusta Taurinorum, which formed its See also:nucleus. The mean temperature at Turin (1871–igoo) is 530 F. (See also:winter 350, summer 710), with an See also:average maximum of go°, and an average minimum of 17°. Mists are frequent in the winter mornings, and to a less degree in autumn. See also:Snow falls on an average only on seven days per annum. The rainfall averages 34 in.
The See also:cathedral of St See also:John the Baptist is a cruciform See also:Renaissance See also:building dating from 1492–1498, by the Florentine Meo da Caprina. The site was first occupied by a See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church erected, it is said, by the Lombard See also:duke Agilulf (7th See also:century). Behind the high See also:altar of the cathedral (from which it is separated by a See also:glass See also:screen) is the See also:chapel of the Sudario or Sindone, built (1657–1694) by See also:Guarini as a royal See also:burial-See also:place. The " sudario " from which it takes its name is asserted to be the See also:shroud in which See also:Joseph of Arimathea wrapped the See also:body of Jesus. La Beata Vergine della Consolata, another of Guarini's See also:works, has a See also:tower which originally belonged to the church of St See also:Andrew, founded by the See also:- MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
- MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
- MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
- MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)
monk Bruning in 1014, and attracts See also:attention by Vincenzo Vela's beautiful kneeling statues of See also:Queen Maria Teresa and Queen Maria See also:Adelaide, as well as by the See also:image of the Madonna, which has the See also:credit of having warded off the See also:cholera in 1835. Other churches of some See also:note are See also:San Filippo See also:Neri (1672–1772), the See also:dome of which See also:fell in just as it was approaching completion under the hands of Guarini and was restored by Juvara, and La Gran Madre de Dio, erected to commemorate the return of the royal See also:family in 1814. Of the See also:secular buildings the more interesting are the Palazzo Madama, first erected by See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William of See also:Montferrat at the See also:close of the i3th century on the Roman east See also:gate of the town, remains of the towers of which were incorporated in it, and owing its name to the widow of See also:Charles See also:Emmanuel II., who added the See also:west See also:facade and the handsome See also:double See also:flight of steps from Juvara's designs; and the extensive royal See also:palace begun in the 17th century. Many of the palaces have See also:fine pillared See also:court-yards of the See also:baroque See also:period, some of which are the See also:work of Guarini. For the Porta Palatina and other remains of the ancient city walls see below. The citadel, erected in 1565, has been almost entirely demolished. There is practically nothing of the Renaissance period except the cathedral. The See also:Castello del Valentino is a building partly in the See also:French See also:style of the See also:middle of the 16th century. The university, founded in 1400 by Lodovico di Acaja, has faculties of See also:jurisprudence, See also:medicine and See also:surgery, literature and See also:philosophy, and the mathematical, See also:physical and natural sciences. The number of students is about 2500. The old university buildings erected in 1713 by the Genoese architect Ricca proved too small; and new buildings, fitted more especiallyfor the medical and scientific departments, have been erected. The See also:original building contains the valuable library (now See also:national), many of the treasures of which were destroyed by See also:fire in 1906, and a collection of Roman antiquities. The See also:academy of sciences was founded in 1757. It occupies a building erected in 1687 by Guarini as a Jesuit See also:college. The museum of antiquities and the picture See also:gallery, of which it has the custody, are both of high See also:interest—the former for the See also:local antiquities of Piedmont and Sardinia (notably from See also:Industria) and for the See also:Egyptian treasures collected by See also:Donati and Drovetti, and the latter for its See also:Van Dycks and pictures by north See also:Italian masters. There is a museum of See also:zoology and See also:mineralogy in Palazzo See also:Carignano (another of Guarini's buildings), and the royal palace contains the royal armoury (a fine collection made by Charles See also:Albert in 1833) and the royal library with its See also:rich See also:manuscript collection and its 20,000 drawings, among which are sketches by See also:Raphael, See also:Michelangelo, and Leonardo da See also:Vinci. The civic museum has a See also:great variety of See also:artistic and See also:literary curiosities, among them a remarkable collection of See also:autographs and the Lombard See also:missal (1490).
There are many modern public monuments—considerably more than in other Italian towns—and some of them are fine. The See also:Mole Antonelliana, built by Alessandro See also:Antonelli, is the most important example of modern See also:architecture in Turin. It belongs to the See also:municipality, and is used for the Risorgimento Museum.
It is the highest See also:brick edifice in See also:Europe, its See also:summit being 510 ft. above ground. It is a square edifice with a large dome and lofty See also:spire, the dome being raised upon a See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
hall with three galleries, one above the other, so that from the See also:floor to the See also:top of the dome is over 300 ft.
Among the hospitals is that called by the name of its founder, Cottolengo, a vast institution providing for more than 5000 persons; there are also the Ospedale See also:Maggiore di San Giovanni, the Ospedale Mauriziano, and many other hospitals for See also:special diseases, as well as asylums and charitable institutions of all kinds.
The See also:industries comprise metallurgy, See also:machine-making, chemicals, See also:silk and See also:cotton See also:weaving, tanning and See also:leather-working. The manufacture of motor-cars has become of great importance, and Turin is the See also:chief seat of the See also:industry in Italy, nearly 5000 workmen being employed. See also:Chocolate, See also:liqueurs and See also:vermouth are also made here. The application of See also:electricity is widely See also:developed on See also:account of the proximity of Alpine valleys rich in torrents. The See also:supply of drinking See also:water is furnished by three aqueducts.
The opening of the St Gothard See also:tunnel exercised a prejudicial See also:influence upon the See also:traffic of the network of See also:railways of which Turin is the centre, and See also:Milan, owing to its nearness both to this and to the Simplon, has become the most important railway centre of Italy. Turin has, however, the See also:advantage of being the nearest to the Mont Cenis, while the completion of the See also:line through See also:Cuneo over the See also:Col di Tenda affords See also:direct communication with the French See also:Riviera. See also:Main lines run also from Turin toVercelli and thence to See also:Novara and Milan (the direct route), to Casale Monferrato, to See also:Alessandria (and thence to See also:Piacenza or See also:Genoa), to Genoa via See also:Asti and See also:Acqui, to Bra and See also:Savona, and See also:branch lines to Lanzo, Torre Pellice, See also:Aosta, Rivoli, Rivarolo, &c., and See also:steam tramways in various directions.
For administrative purposes the city is divided into two municipal See also:police sections and into seven government districts or mandamenti. The military organization is proportionate in importance to the strategical position of Turin near the French frontier. There is a military See also:arsenal with laboratories, a military academy for See also:artillery and engineer See also:officers, a See also:war school, and a military See also:hospital.
Among the surroundings of Turin the See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
Hill of Superga (2300 ft. above the sea) merits special mention. See also:Victor Amadeus II. erected there a votive See also:basilica in memory of the liberation of Turin from the French in 1706.. See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King Charles Albert and other See also:kings and princes of the See also:Savoy See also:dynasty are buried in the See also:crypt. Not far from Turin are also the castles of Moncalieri, Stupinigi, Rivoli, See also:Racconigi, Agle, Venaria, and the ancient monastery of the Sagra di San Michele (753 metres above sea-level), famous for its view of the Alps as See also:fat as the beginning of the Lombard See also:plain.
Turin was always a place of importance and military strength, in spite of numerous vicissitudes, till at length it was made the chief town of Piedmont by Amadeus, first duke of Savoy. Under Emmanuel Philibert it became the usual See also:residence of the ducal family, and in 1515 the bishopric was raised to See also:metropolitan See also:rank by See also:Leo X. Between 1536 and 1562 Turin was occupied by the French, and in 163o it lost 8000 of its citizens by the See also:plague. The French were masters once more from 164o to 1706, and again from 1798 till 1814, when Piedmont was restored to the See also:house of Savoy. From 186o to 1865 Turin was the capital of Italy.
The ancient Augusta Taurinorum was a city of Gallia Cisalpina, the chief town of the See also:Taurini. The natural advantages of its site and its position with relation to the pass over the Alpis
Cottia (Mont Genevre; see CoTTU REGNUM) made it important in See also:early times, though it cannot have been very strongly fortified, inasmuch as See also:Hannibal, after See also:crossing the Alps in 218 B.C., was able to take it after a three days' See also:siege. It became a See also:colony either under the triumvirs or under See also:Augustus, and it was then no doubt that it was fortified. It was partly burned down in A.D. 6g, but continued to be prosperous, as may be gathered from the remains of its fortifications and from the many See also:inscriptions which have been discovered there. The Roman town formed a rectangle 2526 ft. by 2330; the line of the walls, which were 21 ft. high, 7 ft. thick at ground level and 3 ft. at the top, is well known, inasmuch as they were See also:standing till about Woo; and the north gate, the Porta Palatina, still exists; it has a double opening, and two orders of See also:arches above, and is flanked by two sixteen-sided brick towers. The east gate, similar in See also:character, still exists in See also:part within the Palazzo Madama. The north-west corner tower is also in part preserved, and traces of other parts of the See also:enceinte have been found. The interior of the town was divided by seven streets from east to west and eight from north to south into 72 insulae; and the ancient See also:pavement and the drains below it are frequently found under the streets of the central portion of the modern town, indicating that they follow the ancient lines (see especially Notizie degli Scavi, 1902, p. 277). In the great extensions which the city has undergone since.1600, the old rectangular arrangement has been followed. Remains of a See also:theatre have been discovered beneath the Palazzo Vecchio, demolished in 1899 (A. Taramelli, in Notizie degli Scavi, 1900, P. 3).
See C. Promis, Storia dell' antica Torino (Turin, 1869) ; A. d'Andrade, Relazione dell' ufficio regionale per la conservazione dei rnonumenti del Piemonte e della See also:Liguria, 7 seq. (Turin, 1899).
(T.
End of Article: TURIN
Additional information and Comments
There are no comments yet for this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.
Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.
Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.
|
del.icio.us it!