Online Encyclopedia

official connexion with the Ionian government, Capo d'Istria had been a consistent upholder of Russian influence in the islands; and when the treaty of See also:

TILSIT

Tilsit (1807) dashed his hopes by handing over the Ionian republic to See also:

NAPOLEON

Napoleon, he did not relinquish his belief in See also:

Russia as the most reliable ally of the Greek cause. He accordingly refused the offers made to him by the French government, and accepted the invitation of the Russian See also:

CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor Romanzov to enter the See also:

TSAR, or CZAR

tsar's service. He went to St See also:

PETERSBURG

Petersburg in 1809, and was appointed to the honorary See also:

POST

post of attache to the See also:

FOREIGN

foreign See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, but it was not till two years after, in 1811, that he was actually employed in See also:

DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic See also:

WORK

work as attache to See also:

Baron Stackelberg, the Russian See also:

AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador at See also:

Vienna. His knowledge of the near See also:

East was here of See also:

GREAT

great service, and in the following year he was attached, as See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of his diplomatic See also:

BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

bureau, to See also:

ADMIRAL

Admiral Chichagov, on his See also:

MISSION

mission to the Danubian principalities to stir up trouble in the See also:

BALKAN

Balkan See also:

peninsula as a diversion on the flank of See also:

Austria; and to See also:

ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to supplement the treaty of See also:

BUCHAREST (Bucuresci)

Bucharest by an offensive and defensive See also:

ALLIANCE

alliance with the See also:

OTTOMAN

Ottoman See also:

EMPIRE

empire. The See also:

Moscow See also:

CAMPAIGN

campaign of 1812 intervened; Chichagov was disgraced in See also:

con-sequence of his failure to destroy Napoleon at the passage of the Beresina; but Capo d'Istria was not involved, was made a councillor of See also:

state and continued in his diplomatic functions. During the campaign of 1813 he was attached to the See also:

STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff of See also:

Barclay de Tolly and was See also:

PRESENT

present at the battles of Liitzen, See also:

BAUTZEN (Wendish Budissin, " town ")

Bautzen, See also:

DRESDEN

Dresden and See also:

LEIPZIG

Leipzig. With the advance of the See also:

ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies he was sent to See also:

SWITZERLAND

Switzerland to secure the withdrawal of the republic from the French alliance.

Here, in spite of his instructions to See also:

GUARANTEE (sometimes spelt " guarantie " or " guaranty "; an O. Fr. form of " warrant," from the Teutonic word which appears in German as wahren, to defend or make safe and binding)

guarantee the See also:

NEUTRALITY

neutrality of Switzerland, he signed on his 1 After his See also:

election to the Greek See also:

PRESIDENCY

presidency in 1827, Capo d'Istria, whose baptismal names were Giovanni Antonio, signed himself Joannes Capodistrias, the See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form by which he is very commonly known. own responsibility the See also:

PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation issued by See also:

Prince See also:

Schwarzenberg, stating the intention of the allied troops to See also:

march through the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country. His See also:

MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive was to prevent any See also:

APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of disagreement among the allies. The See also:

EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

Alexander, to whom he hastened to make an explanation in See also:

PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, endorsed his See also:

ACTION

action. Capo d'Istria was present with the allies in See also:

Paris, and after the See also:

SIGNING

signing of the first See also:

peace of Paris he was rewarded by the tsar with the See also:

order of St See also:

Vladimir and his full confidence. At the See also:

CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress of Vienna his influence was conspicuous; he represented the tsar on the Swiss See also:

COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee, was associated with Rasumovsky in negotiating the tangled See also:

POLISH

Polish and Saxon questions, and was the Russian plenipotentiary in the discussions with the Baron vom See also:

Stein on the affairs of See also:

Germany. His Memoire sur l'empire germanique, of the 9th of February 1815, presented to the tsar, was based on the policy of keeping Germany weak in order to secure Russian preponderance in its See also:

COUNCILS

councils. It was perhaps from a similar motive that, after the See also:

WATERLOO

Waterloo campaign, he strenuously opposed the proposals for the dismemberment of See also:

France. It was on his See also:

ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice that the duc de See also:

Richelieu persuaded See also:

Louis XVIII. to write the autograph See also:

LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter in which he declared his intention of resigning rather 'than submit to any diminution of the territories handed down to him by his ancestors.2 The treaty of the 20th of See also:

NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1815, which formed for years the basis of the effective See also:

CONCERT (through the French from Lat. con-, with, and certare, to strive)

concert of See also:

EUROPE

Europe, was also largely his work. On the. 26th of See also:

SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1815, after the proclamation of the See also:

HOLY

Holy Alliance at the great See also:

REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

review on the See also:

PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain of Vertus, Capo d'Istria was named a secretary of state. On his return to St Petersburg, he shared the See also:

MINISTRY

ministry of foreign affairs with Count See also:

NESSELRODE, KARL ROBERT, COUNT (178o-I862)

Nesselrode, though the latter as See also:

SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

senior signed all documents.

Capo d'Istria, however, had See also:

SOLE (Solea)

sole See also:

charge of the newly acquired See also:

province of See also:

BESSARABIA

Bessarabia, which he governed conspicuously well. In 1818 he attended the emperor Alexander at the congress of See also:

Aix-la-Chapelle, and in the following year obtained leave to visit his See also:

home. He travelled by way of See also:

Venice, See also:

Rome and See also:

Naples, his progress exciting the liveliest apprehensions of the See also:

POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers; notably of Austria. The " Jacobin " pose of the tsar was notorious, his all-embracing ambition hardly less so; and Russian travellers in See also:

Italy, notably the emperor's former See also:

TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor, Cesar de Laharpe, were little careful in the expression of their sympathy for the ideals of the See also:

CARBONARI (an Italian word meaning " charcoal-burners ")

Carbonari. In Metternich's eyes Capo d'Istria, " the See also:

CORYPHAEUS (from Gr. Kopvil, the top of the head)

coryphaeus of liberalism," was responsible for the tsar's vagaries, the fount of all the ills of which the times were sick; and, for all the count's diplomatic reticence, the See also:

AUSTRIAN

Austrian spies who dogged his footsteps earned their salaries by See also:

REPORTING

reporting sayings that set the reactionary courts in a flutter. For Metternich the overthrow of Capo d'Istria's influence became a See also:

NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of See also:

POLITICAL

political salvation. At Corfu Capo d'Istria became the repository of all the grievances of his countrymen against the robust See also:

ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of See also:

Sir See also:

Thomas See also:

Maitland. At the congress of Vienna the count had supported the See also:

BRITISH

British See also:

PROTECTORATE

protectorate over the Ionian Islands, the advantages of which from the point of view of See also:

trade and See also:

SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security were obvious; but the drastic methods of " See also:

King Tom's " government, symbolized by a gallows for pirates and other evil-doers in every popular gathering See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, offended his See also:

LOCAL

local patriotism. He submitted a memorandum on the subject to the tsar, and before returning to Russia travelled via Paris to See also:

England to See also:

lay the grievances of the See also:

IONIANS

Ionians before the British government. His reception was a See also:

COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold one, mainly due to his own disingenuousness, for he refused to show British ministers the memorandum which he had already submitted to the Russian emperor, on the ground that it was intended only for his own private use. The whole thing seemed, rightly or wrongly, an excuse for the intervention of Russia in affairs which were by treaty wholly British. On his return to St Petersburg in the autumn of 1819, Capo d'Istria resumed his influence in the intimate counsels of the tsar.

The See also:

MURDER

murder of the Russian See also:

AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent, See also:

Kotzebue, in March, had shaken but not destroyed Alexander's liberalism, and it was Capo d'Istria who See also:

drew up the emperor's protest against the See also:

CARLSBAD

Carlsbad decrees and the See also:

DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration of his adherence to constitutional views. (see ALEXANDER I.). In See also:

OCTOBER

October 1820 Capo 2 The letter was written by See also:

Michael Stourdza and copied by Louis CAPMANY-CAPO D'ISTRIA d'Istria accompanied the tsar to the congress at See also:

Troppau. The events of the year—the murder of the duc de See also:

Berry in March, the Revolutions in See also:

Spain and in Naples—had produced their effect. Alexander was, in Metternich's exultant See also:

LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, " a changed man," and Capo d'Istria apparently shared his See also:

CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion to reactionary principles. The Austrian chancellor now put forth all his powers to bring Alexander under his own influence, and to overthrow Capo d'Istria, whom he despised, distrusted and feared. In 1821 Alexander See also:

Ypsilanti's misguided See also:

RAID

raid into the Danubian principalities gave him his opportunity. The See also:

NEWS

news reached the tsar at the congress of See also:

LAIBACH (Slovenian, Ljubljana)

Laibach, and to Capo d'Istria was entrusted the task of See also:

writing the letter to Ypsilanti in which the tsar repudiated his claim, publicly See also:

pro-claimed that he had the sympathy and support of Russia. For a while the position of Capo d'Istria was saved; but it was known that he had been approached by the agent of the Greek Hetairia before Ypsilanti, and that he had encouraged Ypsilanti to take up the See also:

ill-fated See also:

ADVENTURE (from Lat. res adventura, a thing about to happen)

adventure which he himself had refused; he was hated at the Russian See also:

court as an upstart Greek, and Metternich was never weary of impressing on all and sundry that he was " using Russian policy for Greek ends." At last nothing but See also:

long See also:

HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit-and native See also:

LOYALTY

loyalty to those who had served him well, prevented Alexander from parting with a See also:

MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister who had ceased to possess his confidence. Capo d'Istria, anticipating his dismissal, resigned on the See also:

eve of the tsar's departure for the congress of See also:

Verona (1822), and retired into private See also:

LIFE

life at See also:

Geneva. On the 11th of See also:

APRIL

April 1827, the Greek See also:

NATIONAL

national See also:

ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly at Troezene elected Capo d'Istria president of the republic. The See also:

VOTE

vote was a triumph for the Russian See also:

FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

faction, for the count, even after his fall, had not lost the See also:

PERSONAL

personal regard of the emperor Alexander, nor ceased to consider himself a Russian official.

He accepted the offer, but was in no See also:

HURRY (or URRV), SIR JOHN (d. 165o)

hurry to take up the thank-less task. In See also:

JULY

July he visited the emperor See also:

Nicholas I. at Tsarskoye Selo, receiving permission to proceed and instructions as to the policy he should adopt, and he next made a tour of the courts of Europe in See also:

SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search of moral and material support. The news of the See also:

BATTLE

battle of See also:

NAVARINO, BATTLE OF

Navarino (loth of October 1827) hastened his arrival; the British See also:

FRIGATE

frigate " Warspite " was placed at his disposal to carry him to See also:

GREECE

Greece, and on the 19th of See also:

JANUARY

January 1828 he landed at See also:

NAUPLIA

Nauplia. Capo d'Istria's rule in Greece had to contend against immense difficulties—the utter poverty of the See also:

TREASURY

treasury, the barbarism of the See also:

PEOPLE

people but recently emancipated, the continued presence of See also:

IBRAHIM

Ibrahim Pasha, with an unbroken See also:

army, in the See also:

south of the Morea. His strength lay in his experience of affairs and in the support of Russia; but he was by See also:

INHERITANCE

inheritance an aristocrat and by training an official, lacking in broad human sympathy, and therefore little fitted to See also:

DEAL

deal with the See also:

WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild and democratic elements of the society it was his task to See also:

CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control. The Greeks could understand the See also:

INTERNATIONAL, THE

international status given to them by his presidency, and for a while the See also:

ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm evoked by his arrival made him See also:

MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of the situation. He thoroughly represented Greek sentiment, too, in his refusal to accept the narrow limits which the powers, in successive protocols, sought to impose on the new state (see GREECE). But the Russian administrative See also:

SYSTEM

system by which he sought to restrain the native turbulence was See also:

BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound in the end to be fatal to him. The wild chiefs of the revolution won over at first by their inclusion in his government, were offended by his See also:

EUROPEAN

European airs and Russian See also:

UNIFORM

uniform, and alienated by his preference for the educated Greeks of the Phanar and of Corfu, his promotion of his See also:

BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers Viaro and See also:

Agostino to high commands causing See also:

SPECIAL

special offence. Dissatisfaction ended in open See also:

REBELLION

rebellion; the islands revolted; Capo d'Istria called in the aid of the Russian admiral; and See also:

MIAOULIS, ANDREAS VOKOS

Miaoulis, the See also:

hero of the Greek war at See also:

sea, blew up the warships under his command to prevent their falling into the hands of the government. On See also:

LAND

land, so far as the president was concerned, the See also:

CLIMAX, JOHN (c. 525–600 A.D.)

climax was reached with the attempt to coerce the Mavromichales of the See also:

MAINA (or MANI)

Maina, the bravest and most turbulent of the See also:

mountain clans, whose chief,Petros Mavromichales, commonly known as Petrobey, had played a leading See also:

PART

part in the War of Independence. The result was an insurrection in the Maina (See also:

EASTER

Easter, 1830), and the-See also:

CAPPADOCIA

CAPPADOCIA imprisonment of those of the Mavromichales, including Petrobey, who happened to be in the See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the government.

At the news of their chieftain's imprisonment the Mainots, who had for a while been pacified, once more flew to arms and threatened to march on Nauplia; but negotiations were opened, and on the advice of the Russian minister Petrobey consented to make his submission to the president. Unhappily, when he was brought under guard to the appointed interview, Capo d'Istria, in a moment of irritation and weariness, refused to see him. Maddened with rage at this insult from a man who had not struck a See also:

BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow for Greece, the proud old chief, on his way back to See also:

PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison, called out to two of his kinsmen, his son See also:

George and his See also:

BROTHER

brother See also:

CONSTANTINE

Constantine, " You see how I fare," and passed on. According to the See also:

CODE (Lat. codex)

code of the Maina this was a command to take revenge. Next See also:

day, the 9th of October 1831, the two placed themselves at the See also:

DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door of the See also:

church where Capo d'Istria was accustomed to See also:

WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship. As he passed in Constantine shot him down, and as he See also:

fell George thrust a See also:

DAGGER

dagger into his See also:

heart.

End of Article: CAPO

Additional information and Comments

There are no comments yet for this article.

» Add information or comments to this article.

Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.

Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.

Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.

[back]
CAPMANY Y MONTPALAU, ANTONIO DE (1742–1813)

[next]
CAPODISTRIA