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See also:BAUTZEN (Wendish Budissin, " See also:town ") , a town of See also:Germany, in the See also:kingdom of See also:Saxony and the See also:capital of Saxon Upper See also:Lusatia. Pop. (1890) 21,515; (1905) 29,412. It occupies an See also:eminence on the right See also:bank of the See also:Spree, 68o ft. above the level of the See also:sea, 32 M. E.N.E. from See also:Dresden, on the Dresden-GSrlitz-See also:Breslau See also:main See also:line of railway, and at the junction of lines from See also:Schandau and Konigswartha. The town is surrounded by walls, and outside these again by ramparts, now in See also:great measure turned into promenades, and has extensive suburbs partly lying on the See also:left bank of the See also:river. Among its churches the most remarkable is the See also:cathedral of St See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter, dating from the 15th See also:century, with a See also:tower 300 ft. in height. It is used by both Protestants and See also:Roman Catholics, an See also:iron See also:screen separating the parts assigned to each. There are five other churches, a handsome town See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
hall, an See also:orphan-See also:asylum, several hospitals, a See also:mechanics' See also:institute, a famous See also:grammar school (gymnasium), a normal and several other See also:schools, and two public See also:libraries. The See also:general See also:trade and manufactures are considerable, including woollen (stockings and See also:cloth), See also:linen and See also:cotton goods, See also:leather, See also:paper, See also:saltpetre, and See also:dyeing. It has also iron foundries, See also:potteries, distilleries, breweries, See also:cigar factories, &c.
Bautzen was already in existence when See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry I., the See also:Fowler, conquered Lusatia in 928.
It became a town and fortress under See also:Otto I., his successor, and speedily attained considerable See also:wealth and importance, for a See also:good See also:share of which it was indebted to the pilgrimages which were made to the " See also:arm of St Peter," preserved in one of the churches. It suffered greatly during the Hussite See also:war, and still more during the See also:Thirty Years' War, in the course of which it was besieged and captured by the elector of See also:Brandenburg, See also:John See also:George (1620), See also:fell into the hands of See also:Wallenstein (1633), and,
in the following See also:year was burned by its See also:commander before being surrendered to the elector of Saxony. At the See also:peace of See also:Prague in 1635 it passed with Lusatia to Saxony as a war See also:indemnity.
The town gives its name to a great See also:battle in' which, on the 20th and 21st of May 18131 See also:Napoleon I. defeated an allied See also:army of
Russians and Prussians (see NAPOLEOMC See also:CAMPAIGNS). Battle of The position chosen by the See also:allies as that in which to
Bautzen,
1813. receive the attack of Napoleon ran S.W. to N.E. from
Bautzen on the left to the See also:village of Gleina on the right. Bautzen itself was held as an advanced See also:post of the left wing (Russians), the main See also:body of which See also:lay 2 M. to the See also:rear (E.) near Jenkwitz. On the heights of Burk, 22 M. N.E. of Bautzen, was See also:Kleist's Prussian See also:corps, with Yorck's in support. On Kleist's right at Pliskowitz (3 M. N.E. of Burk) lay See also:Blucher's corps, and on Blucher's right, formed at an See also:angle to him, and refused towards Gleina (7 M. N.E. by E. of Bautzen), were the Russians of See also:Barclay de Tolly. The See also:country on which the battle was fought abounded in strong defensive positions, some of which were famous as battlegrounds of the Seven Years' War.
The whole line was covered by the river Spree, which served as an immediate See also:defence for the left and centre, and an obstacle to any force moving to attack the right; moreover the See also:interval between the river and the position on this See also:side was covered with a network of ponds and watercourses. Napoleon's right and centre approached (on a broad front owing to the want of See also:cavalry) from Dresden by See also:Bischofswerda and See also:Kamenz; the left under See also:Ney, which was separated by nearly 40 M. from the left of the main body at Luckau, was ordered to See also:march via Hoyerswerda, Weissig and Klix to strike the allies' right. At See also:noon on the loth, Napoleon, after a prolonged See also:reconnaissance, advanced the main army against Bautzen and Burk, leaving the enemy's right to be dealt with by Ney on the morrow. He equally neglected the extreme left of the allies in the mountains, judging it impossible to move his See also:artillery and cavalry in the broken ground there. See also:Oudinot's (XII.) corps, the extreme right wing, was to See also:work See also:round by the hilly country to Jenkwitz in rear of Bautzen, See also:Macdonald's (XI.) corps was to See also:assault Bautzen, and See also:Marmont, with the VI. corps, to See also:cross the Spree and attack the Prussians posted about Burk. These three corps were directed by See also:Soult. Farther to the left, See also:Bertrand's (IV.) corps was held back to connect with Ney, who had then reached Weissig with the See also:head of his See also:column. The Guard and other general reserves were in rear of Macdonald and Marmont. Bautzen was taken without difficulty; Oudinot and Marmont easily passed the Spree on either side, and were formed up on the other bank of the river by about 4 P.M. A heavy and indecisive combat took See also:place in the evening between Oudinot and the See also:Russian left, directed by the See also:tsar in See also:person, in which Oudinot's men made a little progress towards Jenkwitz. Marmont's battle was more serious. The Prussians were not experienced troops, but were full of ardour and hatred of the See also:French.
Kleist made a most stubborn resistance on the Burk See also:ridge, and Bertrand's corps was called up by Napoleon to join in the battle; but See also:part of Blucher's corps fiercely engaged Bertrand, and Burk was not taken till 7 P.M. The French attack was much impeded by the ground and by want of See also:room to deploy between the river and the enemy. But Napoleon's See also:object in thus forcing the fighting in the centre was achieved. The allies, feeling there the See also:weight of the French attack, gradually See also:drew upon the reserves of their left and right to sustain the See also:shock. At nightfall Bautzen and Burk were in See also:possession of the French, and the allied line now stretched from Jenkwitz northward to Pliskowitz, Blucher and Barclay maintaining their See also:original positions at Pliskowitz and Gleina. The See also:night of the 2oth-21st was spent by both armies on the battlefield. Napoleon cared little that the French centre was almost fought out; it had fulfilled its See also:mission, and on the 21st the decisive point was to be Barclay's position. Soon after daybreak fighting was renewed along the whole line; but Napoleon lay down to See also:sleep until the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time appointed for Ney's attack. To a heavy See also:counter-stroke against Oudinot, which completely drove that See also:marshal from the ground won on the'2oth, the See also:emperor paid no more heed than to See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order Macdonald to support the XII corps. For in this second position of the allies, which was far more formidable thanthe original line, the decisive result could be brought about only by Ney. That commander had his own (III) corps, the corps of See also:Victor and of See also:Lauriston and the See also:Saxons under Reynier, a See also:total force of 6o,000 men. Lauriston, at the head of the column, had been sharply engaged on the loth, but had spent the loth in calculated inaction.
See also:Early on the 21st the flank attack opened; Ney and Lauriston moving See also:direct upon Gleina, while Reynier and Victor operated by a wide turning See also:movement against Barclay's right rear. The advance was carried out with precision; the Russians were quickly dislodged, and Ney was now closing upon the rear of Blucher's corps at the village of Preititz. Napoleon at once ordered Soult's four corps to renew their attacks in order to prevent the allies from reinforcing their right. But at the See also:critical moment Ney halted; his orders were to be in Preititz at i r A.M. and he reached that place an See also:hour earliex. The See also:respite of an hour enabled the allies to organize a fierce counter-attack; Ney was checked until the flanking columns of Victor and Reynier could come upon the See also:scene. At r P.M., when Ney resumed his advance, it was too See also:late to cut off the See also:retreat of the allies. Napoleon now made his final stroke. The Imperial Guard and all other troops in the centre, 8o,000 strong and covered by a great See also:mass of artillery, moved forward to the attack; and shortly the allied centre, depleted of its reserves, which had been sent to oppose Ney, was broken through and driven off the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field. Blucher, now almost surrounded, called back the troops opposing Ney to make head against Soult, and Ney's four corps then carried all before them. Preparations had been made by the allies, ever since Ney's See also:appearance,to break off the engagement, and now the tsar ordered a general retreat eastwards, himself with the utmost skill and bravery directing the rearguard. Thus the allies drew off unharmed, leaving no `rophies in the hands of Napoleon, whose success, tactically unquestionable, was, for a variety of reasons, and above all owing to the want of cavalry, a coup manqu€ strategically. The troops engaged were, on the French side 163,000 men, on that of the allies about 100,000; and the losses respectively about 20,000 and 13,500 killed and wounded.
End of Article: BAUTZEN (Wendish Budissin, " town ")
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