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See also:MARMONT, AUGUSTE See also:FREDERIC See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
LOUIS VIESSE DE, See also:DUKE OF See also:RAGUSA (1774–1852) , See also:marshal of See also:France, was See also:born at Chatillonsur-See also:Seine, on the loth of See also:July 1774. He was the son of an ex-officer in the See also:army who belonged to the petite noblesse and adopted the principles of the Revolution. His love of soldiering soon showing itself, his See also:father took him to See also:Dijon to learn See also:mathematics See also:prior to entering the See also:artillery, and there he made the acquaintance of See also:Bonaparte, which he renewed after obtaining his See also:commission when he served in See also:Toulon. The acquaintance ripened into intimacy; Marmont became See also:General Bonaparte's aide-de-See also:camp, remained with him during his disgrace and accompanied him to See also:Italy and See also:Egypt, winning distinction and promotion to general of See also:brigade. In 1799 he returned to See also:Europe with his See also:chief; he was See also:present at the coup d'etat of the 18th See also:Brumaire, and organized the artillery for the expedition to Italy, which he commanded with See also:great effect at See also:Marengo. For this he was at once made general of See also:division. In 18or he became inspector-general of artillery, and in 1804 See also:grand officer of the See also:Legion of See also:Honour, but was greatly disappointed at being omitted from the See also:list of See also:officers who were made marshals. In 1805 he received the command of a See also:corps, with which he did See also:good service at See also:Ulm. He was then directed to take See also:possession of See also:Dalmatia with his army, and occupied Ragusa. For the next five years he was military and See also:civil See also:governor of Dalmatia, and traces of his beneficent regime still survive both in great public See also:works and in the memories of the See also:people. In 18o8 he was made duke of Ragusa, and in 1809, being summoned by See also:Napoleon to take See also:part in the See also:Austrian See also:War, he marched to See also:Vienna and See also:bore a See also:share in the closing operations of the See also:campaign. Napoleon now made him a marshal and governor-general of all the Illyrian provinces of the See also:empire. In July 18ro Marmont was hastily summoned to succeed See also:Massena in the command of the See also:French army in the See also:north of See also:Spain. The skill with which he manoeuvred his army during the See also:year he commanded it has been always acknowledged. His See also:relief of See also:Ciudad Rodrigo in the autumn of 1811 in spite of the presence of the See also:English army was a great feat, and in the manoeuvring which preceded the See also:battle of See also:Salamanca he had
the best of it. But See also:Wellington more than retrieved his position in the battle (see SALAMANCA), and inflicted a severe defeat on the French, Marmont himself being gravely wounded in the right See also:arm and See also:side. He retired to France to recover, and was still hardly cured when in See also:April 1813 Napoleon, who soon forgot his fleeting resentment for the defeat, gave him the command of a corps. With it he served at the battles of Ltitzen, See also:Bautzen and See also:Dresden, and throughout the great defensive campaign of 1814 until the last battle before See also:Paris, from which he See also:drew back his forces to the commanding position of Essonne. Here he had 20,000 men in See also:hand, and was the See also:pivot of all thoughts. Napoleon said of this camp of Essonne, " C'est la que viendront s'addresser toutes See also:les intrigues, toutes les trahisons; aussi y ai-je See also:place Marmont, mon enfant eleve sous ma tente." Marmont then took upon himself a See also:political role which has, no doubt justly, been stigmatized as ungrateful and treasonable. A See also:secret See also:convention was concluded, and Marmont's corps was surrounded by the enemy. Napoleon, who still hoped to retain the See also:crown for his See also:infant son, was prostrated, and said with a sadness deeper than violent words, " Marmont me See also:porte le dernier coup."
This See also:act was never forgiven by Marmont's countrymen. On the restoration of the Bourbons he was indeed made a peer of France and a See also:major-general of the royal guard, and' in 1820 a See also:knight of the See also:Saint Esprit and a grand officer of the See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order of St Louis; but he was never trusted. He was the major-general of the guard on See also:duty in July 183o, and was ordered to put down with a strong hand any opposition to the ordinances (see FRANCE). Himself opposed to the See also:court policy, he yet tried to do his duty, and only gave up the See also:attempt to suppress the revolution when it became clear that his troops were outmatched. This brought more obloquy upon him, and the duc d'See also:Angouleme even ordered him under See also:arrest, saying, " Will you betray us, as you betrayed him?" Marmont did not betray them; he accompanied the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king into See also:- EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)
exile and forfeited his marshalate thereby. His See also:desire to return to France was never gratified and he wandered in central and eastern Europe, settling finally in Vienna, where he was well received by the Austrian See also:government, and See also:strange to say made See also:tutor to the duke of See also:Reichstadt, the See also:young See also:man who had once for a few See also:weeks been styled Napoleon II. He died at See also:Venice on the 22nd of See also:March 1852.
Much of his See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time in his last years was spent upon his Memoires, which are of great value for the military See also:history of his time, though they must be read as a See also:personal See also:defence of himself in various junctures rather than as an unbiased See also:account of his times. They show Marmont, as he really was, an embittered man, who never thought his services sufficiently requited, and above all, a man too much in love with himself and his own See also:glory to be a true friend or a faithful servant. His See also:strategy indeed tended to become pure virtuosity, and his See also:tactics, though neat, appear frigid and antiquated when contrasted with those of the instinctive leaders, the fighting generals whom the theorists affect to despise. But his military See also:genius is undeniable, and he was as far See also:superior to the See also:mere theorist as See also:Lannes and See also:Davout were to the pure divisionnaire or " fighting " general.
His works are Voyage en Hongrie, &c. (4 vols., 1837); Voyage en Sicile (1838) ; Esprit See also:des institutions militaires (1845) ; Cesar; See also:Xenophon; and Memoires (8 vols., published after his See also:death in 1856). See the See also:long and careful See also:notice by Sainte-Beuve, Causeries du Lundi, vol. vi.
End of Article: MARMONT, AUGUSTE FREDERIC LOUIS VIESSE DE, DUKE OF RAGUSA (1774–1852)
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