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See also:REICHSTADT, See also:NAPOLEON See also:FRANCIS See also:JOSEPH See also:CHARLES , DuxE of (1811-1832), known by the Bonapartists as Napoleon II., was the son of the See also:Emperor Napoleon I. and See also:Marie See also:Louise, archduchess of See also:Austria. He was See also:born on the loth of
See also:March 1811, in See also:Paris at the Tuileries See also:palace. He was at first named the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Rome, after the See also:analogy of the heirs of .the emperors of the See also:Holy See also:Roman See also:Empire. By his See also:birth the See also:Napoleonic See also:dynasty seemed to be finally established; but in three years it crumbled in the dust. At the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of the downfall of the empire (See also:April 1814) Marie Louise and the king of Rome were at See also:Blois with Joseph and See also:Jerome See also:Bonaparte, who wished to keep them as hostages. This See also:design, however, was frustrated. Napoleon abdicated in favour of his son; but events prevented the reign of Napoleon II. from being more than titular. While Napoleon repaired to See also:Elba, his See also:consort and See also:child went to See also:Vienna; and they remained in Austria during the See also:Hundred Days (1815), despite efforts made by the Bonapartists to carry off the See also:prince to his See also:father at Paris.
Meanwhile the See also:congress of Vienna had carried out the conditions of the treaty of See also:Fontainebleau (March 1814) whereby the duchies of See also:Parma and See also:Guastalla were to go to the ex-Empress Marie Louise and her son, although much opposition was offered to this proposal by See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XVIII. and even (so it now appears) by Metternich. The See also:secret treaty of the 31st of May 1815 between Austria, See also:Russia and See also:Prussia secured those possessions to her, her son bearing the See also:title Prince of Parma, with hereditary rights for his descendants. But after the second See also:abdication of Napoleon in favour of his son (22nd of See also:June 1815)—a See also:condition which was wholly nugatory—the See also:powers opposed all participation of the prince in the affairs of Parma. He therefore remained in Austria, while Marie Louise proceeded to Parma: From this time onward he be-came, as it were, a See also:pawn in the complex See also:game of See also:European politics, his claims being put forward sometimes by Metternich, sometimes by the unionists of See also:Italy, while occasionally malcontents in See also:France used his name to discredit the See also:French Bourbons. The efforts of malcontents increased the resolve of the sovereigns never to allow a son of Napoleon to See also:bear See also:rule; and in See also:November 1816 the See also:court of Vienna informed Marie Louise that her son could not succeed to the duchies. This decision was confirmed by the treaty of Paris of the loth of June 1817. Marie Louise demanded as a slight See also:compensation that he should have a title derived from the lands of the " Bavarian See also:Palatinate " in See also:northern Bohemia, and the title of " See also:duke of Reichstadt " was therefore conferred on him on the 22nd of See also:July 1818. Thus Napoleon I., who once averred that he would prefer that his son should be strangled rather than brought up as an See also:Austrian prince, lived to see his son reduced to a See also:rank inferior to that of the Austrian archdukes.
His See also:education was confided chiefly to See also:Count Dietrichstein, who found him precocious, volatile, passionate and fond of military affairs. The same See also:judgment was given by See also:Marshal See also:Marmont, duke of See also:Ragusa, who recognized the warlike See also:strain in his See also:character. His nature was sensitive, as appeared on his receiving the See also:news of the See also:death of his father in 1821. The upheaval in France in 1830 and the disturbances which ensued led many Frenchmen to turn their thoughts to Napoleon II.; but though Metternich dallied for a time with the French Bonapartists, he had no intention of inaugurating a Napoleonic revival. By this time, too, the duke's See also:health was on the decline; his impatience of all See also:restraint and his See also:indulgence in See also:physical exercise far beyond his powers aggravated a natural weakness of the See also:chest, and he died on the 22nd of July 1832.
See A. M. See also:Barthelemy and J. P. A. Wry, Le See also:File de l'homme (Paris, 1829), See also:Baron G. I. See also:Comte de Montbel, Le Duc de Reichstadt (Paris, 1832) ; J. de See also:Saint-F6lix, Histoire de Napoleon II. (Paris, 1853); See also:Guy de l'See also:Herault, Histoire de Napoleon II. (Paris, 1853); Count Anton von Prokesch-Osten, Mein Verhaltniss zum See also:Herzog von Reichstadt (See also:Stuttgart, 1878) ; H. Welschinger, Le Roi de Rome (Paris, 1897) ; E. de Wertheimer, The Duke of Reichstadt (Eng. ed., See also:London, 19o5); M. See also:Rostand's See also:play L'Aiglon is a dramatic setting of the career of the prince. (J. He.
End of Article: REICHSTADT, NAPOLEON FRANCIS JOSEPH CHARLES
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