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See also:NEUCHATEL (Ger. Neuenburg) , one of the cantons of western See also:Switzerland, on the frontier towards See also:France. It is the only Swiss See also:canton that is situated entirely in the See also:Jura, of which it occupies the central portion (its loftiest See also:summit is the Mont See also:Racine, 4731 ft. in the The de Rang range). The canton has a See also:total See also:area of 311.8 sq. m., of which 267.1 sq. m. are reckoned " productive " (forests occupying 88.6 sq. m. and vineyards 4.4 sq. m.). It consists, for the most See also:part, of the See also:longitudinal ridges and valleys characteristic of the Jura range, while its drainage is very unequally divided between the Thiele or Zihl, and the See also:Doubs, which forms part of the See also:north-See also:west boundary of the canton, and receives only the streams flowing from the Le See also:Locle and La Chaux de Fonds valley. Three regions make up the territory. That stretching along the See also:shore of the See also:lake is called Le Vignoble (from its vineyards) and extends from about 1500 ft. to 2300 ft. above the See also:sea-level. An intermediate region is named See also:Les Vallees, for it consists of the two See also:principal valleys of the canton( the Val de Ruz, watered by the Seyon, and the Val de Travers, watered by the Areuse) which See also:lie to a height of about 2300 ft. to 3000 ft. above the sea-level. The highest region is known as Les Montagnes, and is mainly, composed of the See also:long valley in which stand the See also:industrial centres of La Chaux de Fonds (q.v.), and Le Locle (q.v.) to which must be added those of La Sagne, Les Ponta and Les Verrieres, the See also:elevation of these upland valleys varying from 3000 ft. to 3445 ft. The canton is well supplied with See also:railways, the See also:direct See also:line from See also:Bern past Kerzers (Chietres), Neuchatel, the Val de Travers and Les Verrieres to See also:Pontarlier for See also:Paris passing right through it, while La Chaux de Fonds is connected by a line past Le Locle with Morteau in France. Other lines join the See also:capital, Neuchatel, to La Chaux de Fonds, as well as to Yverdon at the See also:south-west extremity of the lake, and to St Blaise at its north-See also:east end, not, very far from See also:Bienne.
In 1900 the See also:population numbered 126,279 souls according to the federal See also:census (a cantonal census of 1906 makes the figure at that date 134,014), of whom 104,551 were See also:French-speaking, 17,629 See also:German-speaking and 3664 See also:Italian-speaking, while 107,291 were Protestants, 17,731 Romanists or Old Catholics, and 1020 See also:Jews. There are three " established an4 See also:state-endowed " churches, the See also:National Evangelical (in 1907 a proposal to disestablish it was rejected by a huge See also:majority), the See also:Roman See also:Catholic, and the Old Catholic (this See also:sect in La Chaux de Fonds only), while the pastors of the See also:Free Evangelical See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church and of the Jews (mostly in La Chaux de Fonds) are so far recognized as such by the state as to be exempt from military service.
Besides the capital, Neuchatel (q.v.), the See also:chief towns are La Chaux de Fonds (the most populous of all), Le Locle and Fleurier (3746), the principal See also:village in the Val de Travers.
The most valuable See also:mineral product is See also:asphalt, of which there is a large and See also:rich See also:deposit in the Val de Travers, belonging to the state but worked by an See also:English See also:company. The See also:wine of the Vignoble region (both sparkling and still) is plentiful and has a See also:good reputation, the red wines of Neuchatel, Boudry and Cortaillod being largely exported, though the See also:petit vin See also:blanc of Neuchatel is all but wholly consumed within the canton. See also:Absinthe is largely manufactured in the Val de Travers, but See also:lace is no longer made there as of old. The well-known manufactory of Suchard's See also:chocolate is at Serrieres, practically a suburb of the See also:town of Neuchatel, while in the canton there are also See also:cement factories and See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone quarries. But the most characteristic See also:industry is that of See also:watch-making and the making of See also:gold watch cases, which is chiefly carried on (since the See also:early 18th See also:century) in the highland valleys of La Chaux de Fonds and of Le Locle, as well as at Fleurier in the Val de Travers. At Couvet, also in the Val de Travers, there is a large factory of screws and See also:knitting See also:machines.
The canton is divided into 6 administrative districts, which
comprise 63 communes. The cantonal constitution See also:dates in Switzerland. This See also:anomaly led in 1848 to the See also:establishment its See also:main features from 1858, but has been modified in several
important respects. The legislature or See also:Grand Conseil, consists of members elected (since 1903) in the proportion of one to every 1200 (or fraction over 600) of the population, and holds See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office for three years, while since 1906 the principles of proportional See also:representation and minority representation obtain in these elections. Since 1996 the executive of 5 members (since 1882) or Conseil d'Etat is elected by a popular See also:vote. The 2 members of the federal Conseil See also:des Etats are named by the Grand Conseil, but the 6 members of the federal Conseil National are chosen by a popular vote. Since 1879, 3000 citizens have the right of " facultative See also:referendum " as to all See also:laws and important decrees, while since 1882 the same number have the right of initiative as to all legislative projects, this right as to the partial revision of the cantonal constitution dating as far back as 1848, the number in the See also:case of a total revision having been raised in 1906 to 5000.
We first hear of the novum castellum, regalissimam sedem in the will (Lori) of See also:Rudolf III., the last See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Burgundy, on whose See also:death (1032) that See also:kingdom reverted to the See also:empire. About 1034 the See also:emperor See also:Conrad II. gave this See also:castle to the See also:lord of several neighbouring fiefs, his successors establishing themselves permanently there in the 12th century and then taking the See also:title of " See also:count." In 1288 the reigning count resigned his domains to the emperor Rudolf, who gave them to the lord of Chalon-sur-Sa6ne, by whom they were restored to the count of Neuchatel on his doing See also:homage for them. This See also:act decided the future See also:history of Neuchatel, for in 1393 the See also:house of Chalon succeeded to the principality of See also:Orange by virtue of a See also:marriage contracted in 1388. The See also:counts gradually increased their dominions, so that by 1373 they held practically all of the See also:present canton, with the exception, of the lordship of Valangin (the Val de Ruz and Les Montagnes, this last region only colonized in the early 14th century), which was held by a See also:cadet line of the house till bought in 1592. In 1395 the first house ended in an heiress, who brought Neuchatel to the count of See also:Freiburg See also:im See also:Breisgau. As early as 1290 the reigning count had made an See also:alliance with the Swiss See also:Fribourg, in 1308 with Bern, and about 1324 with See also:Soleure, but it was not till 1406 that an " See also:everlasting alliance " was made with Bern (later in 1495 with Fribourg, and in 1502 with See also:Lucerne). This alliance resulted in bringing the See also:county into the Swiss See also:confederation four centuries later, while it also led to contingents from Neuchatel helping the Confederates from the See also:battle of St See also:Jakob (1444) onwards right down into the early 18th century. In 1457, through another heiress, the county passed to the house of the marquises of See also:Baden-Hochberg, and in 1504 similarly to that of See also:- ORLEANS
- ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
- ORLEANS, DUKES OF
- ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
- ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
- ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
- ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
- ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
- ORLEANS, PHILIP I
- ORLEANS, PHILIP II
Orleans-See also:Longueville (a See also:bastard line of the royal house of France). From .1512 to 1529 the Swiss occupied it as the count was fighting for France and so against them.
In 1532 the title of " See also:prince " was taken, while by the treaty of See also:Westphalia (1648) the principality became See also:sovereign and See also:independent of the empire. In 1530 (the very See also:year See also:Farel introduced the See also:Reformation at Neuchatel) the overlordship enjoyed by the house of Chalon-Orange passed, by virtue of a marriage contracted in 1515, to that of See also:Nassau-Orange, the direct line of which ended in 1702 in the See also:person of See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William III., king of See also:England. In 1707 the Longueville house of Neuchatel also became See also:extinct, and a See also:great struggle arose as to the See also:succession. - Finally the See also:parliament (states) of Neuchatel decided in favour of See also:Frederic I., the first king of See also:Prussia, whose See also:mother was the See also:elder paternal aunt of William III., and so heiress of the rights (given in 1288) of the house of Chalon, to which the See also:fief had reverted on the extinction of the line of the counts of Neuchatel. Thus the act of 1288 determined the See also:fate of the principality, partly because Frederic I. was a See also:Protestant,. while the other claimants were Romanists. The nominal See also:rule of the Prussian king (for the See also:country enjoyed See also:practical See also:independence) lasted till 1857, with a brief See also:interval from i8o6 to 1814, when the principality was held by See also:Marshal See also:Berthier, by virtue of a See also:- GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
- GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
- GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
- GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
- GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
- GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
- GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
- GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
- GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
- GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
- GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
- GRANT, U
- GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)
grant from See also:Napoleon. In 1814 its See also:admission into the Swiss confederation was proposed and was effected in 1815, the new canton being the only non-republican member, just. as the hereditary rulers of Neuchatel were the last to maintain their position in
(attempted in 1831) of a republican See also:form of See also:government, brought about by a peaceful revolution led by A. M. Piaget. A royalist See also:attempt to regain See also:power in 1856 was defeated, and finally, after long negotiations, the king of Prussia renounced his claims to See also:sovereignty, though retaining the right (no longer exercised) to See also:bear the title of " prince of Neuchatel." Thus in 1857 Neuchatel became a full republican member of the Swiss See also:con-federation.
BIBLIocxnr1Y —A. Bachelin, L'Horlogerie Neuchateloise (Neuchatel, 1888) ; E. See also:Bourgeois, Neuchatel et la politique prussienne en Franche See also:Comte, 1702-1713 (Paris, 1887) ; J. Boyve, Annales historiques du comte de Neuchatel et de Valangin (6 vols., Berne and Neuchatel, 1855) ; F. de Chambrier, Histoire de Neuchatel et Valangin jusqu'd l'aysnement de la maison de Prusse, 1707 (Neuchatel, 184o) ; L. Grandpierre, Histoire du canton de Neuchatel sous les rois de Prusse, 1707-1848 (Neuchatel, 1889), L. Junod, Histoire du canton de Neuchatel sous les rois de Prusse, 1707-1848 (Neuchatel, 1889) ; A. See also:Humbert and J. Clerc, A. M. Piaget et la republique neuchateloise de 1848 a 1858 (2 vols., Neuchatel, 1888-1895) ; G. A. Matile, Monuments de l'histoire de Neuchatel (3 vols., Neuchatel, 1844-1848), and Histoire de la seigneurie de Valangin jusqu'a sa See also:reunion a la directe, 159a (Neuchatel, 1852) ; Musee Neuchatelois (published by the Cantonal See also:Historical Society), from 1864; Le See also:Patois neuchatelois (an See also:anthology) (Neuchatel, 1895) ; A. Pfleghart, See also:Die schweizerische Uhrenindustrie (See also:Leipzig, 1908) ; E. Quartier-la-Tente, Revue historique et monographique des communes du canton de Neuchatel (Neuchatel, 1897-1904). (W. A. B.
End of Article: NEUCHATEL (Ger. Neuenburg)
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