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See also:FRIBOURG [Ger. See also:Freiburg] , the See also:capital of the Swiss See also:canton of that name. It is built almost entirely on the See also:left See also:bank of the Sarine, the See also:oldest See also:bit (the Bourg) of the See also:town being just above the See also:river bank, flanked by the Neuveville and Auge quarters, these last (with the See also:Planche See also:quarter on the right bank of the river) forming the Ville Basse. On the steeply rising ground to the See also:west of the Bourg is the Quartier See also:des Places, beyond which, to the west and See also:south-west, is the still newer Perolles quarter, where are the railway station and the new University; all these (with the Bourg) constituting the Ville Haute. In 1900 the See also:population of the town was 15,794, of whom 13,270 were Romanists and 109 See also:Jews, while 9701 were See also:French-speaking, and 5595 See also:German-speaking, these last being mainly in the Ville Basse. Its linguistic See also:history is curious. Founded as a German town, the French See also:tongue became the See also:official See also:language during the greater See also:part of the 14th and 15th centuries, but when it joined the Swiss See also:Confederation in 1481 the German See also:influence came to the fore, and German was the official language frcm 1483 to 1798, becoming thus associated with the See also:rule of the See also:patricians. From 1798 to 1814, and again from 183o onwards, French prevailed, as at See also:present, though the new University is a centre of German influence.
Fribourg is on the See also:main See also:line of railway from See also:Bern (20 m.) to See also:Lausanne (41 m.). The See also:principal See also:building in the town is the collegiate See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church of St See also:Nicholas, of which the See also:nave See also:dates from the 13th-14th centuries, while the See also:choir was rebuilt in the 17th See also:century. It is a See also:fine building, remarkable in itself, as well as for its lofty, See also:late 15th century, See also:- BELL
- BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
- BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
- BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
- BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
- BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
- BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
- BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
- BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
- BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
- BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
- BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)
bell-See also:tower (249 ft. high), with a fine peal of bells; its famous See also:organ was built between 1824 and 1834 by Aloys Mooser (a native of the town), has 7800 pipes, and is played daily in summer for the edification of tourists. The numerous monasteries in and around the town, its old-fashioned aspect, its steep and narrow streets, give it a most213
striking See also:appearance. One of the most conspicuous buildings in the town is the See also:college of St See also:Michael, while in front of the 16th century town See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
hall is an See also:ancient See also:lime See also:- TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
- TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )
tree stated (but this is very doubtful) to have been planted on the See also:day of the victory of See also:Morat (See also:June 22, 1476). In the Lycee is the Cantonal Museum of Fine Arts, wherein, besides many interesting See also:objects, is the collection of paintings and statuary bequeathed to the town in 1879 by Duchess Adela See also:Colonna (a member of the d'Affry See also:family of Fribourg), by whom many were executed under the name of " See also:Marcello." The deep See also:ravine of the Sarine is crossed by a very fine suspension See also:bridge, constructed 1832-1834 by M. Chaley, of See also:Lyons, which is 167 ft. above the Sarine, has a span of 8o8 ft., and consists of 6 huge cables composed of 3294 strands. A loftier suspension bridge is thrown over the Gotteron stream just before it joins the Sarine: it is 590 ft. See also:long and 246 ft. in height, and was built in 1840. About 3 M. See also:north of the town is the See also:great railway viaduct or girder bridge of Grandfey, constructed in 1862 (1092 ft. in length, 249 ft. high) at a cost of 2; million francs. Immediately above the town a vast See also:dam (S91 ft. long) was constructed across the Sarine by the engineer See also:Ritter in 187o-1872, the fall thus obtained yielding a See also:water-See also:power of 2600 to 4000 See also:horse-power, and forming a See also:sheet of water known as the See also:Lac de Perolles. A See also:motive force of 600 horse-power, secured by turbines in the stream, is conveyed to the See also:plateau of Perolles by " telodynamic " cables of 2510 ft. in length, for whose passage a See also:tunnel has been pierced in the See also:rock. On the Perolles plateau is the See also:International See also:Catholic University founded in 1889.
History.—In 1178 the See also:foundation of the town (meant to hold in check the turbulent nobles of the neighbourhood) was completed by Berchthold IV., See also:duke of See also:Zahringen, whose See also:father See also:Conrad had founded Freiburg in See also:Breisgau in 1120, and whose son, Berchthold V., was to found Bern in 1191. The spot was chosen for purposes of military See also:defence, and was situated in the Uechtland or See also:waste See also:land between Alamannian and Burgundian territory. He granted it many privileges, modelled on the charters of See also:Cologne and of Freiburg in Breisgau, though the oldest existing See also:charter of the town dates from 1249. On the extinction of the male line of the Zahringen See also:dynasty, in 1218, their lands passed to See also:Anna, the See also:sister of the last duke and wife of See also:Count See also:Ulrich of Kyburg. That See also:house kept Fribourg till it too became See also:extinct, in 1264, in the male line. Anna, the heiress, married about 1273 See also:Eberhard, count of See also:Habsburg-Laufenburg, who sold Fribourg in 1277 for 3000 marks to his See also:cousin See also:Rudolf, the See also:head of the house of Habsburg as well as See also:emperor. The town had to fight many a hard See also:battle for its existence against Bern and the count of See also:Savoy, especially between 1448 and 1452. Abandoned by the Habsburgs, and desirous of escaping from the increasing power of Bern, Fribourg in 1452 finally submitted to the count of Savoy, to whom it had become indebted for vast sums of See also:money. Yet, despite all its difficulties, it was in the first See also:half of the 15th century that Fribourg exported much See also:leather and See also:cloth to See also:France, See also:Italy and See also:Venice, as many as 1o,000 to 20,000 See also:bales of cloth being stamped with the See also:seal of the town. When See also:Yolande, See also:dowager duchess of Savoy, entered into an See also:alliance with See also:Charles the Bold, duke of See also:Burgundy, Fribourg joined Bern, and helped to gain the victories of See also:Grandson and of Morat (1476).
In 1477 the town was finally freed from the rule of Savoy, while in 1481 (with See also:Soleure) it became a member of the Swiss Confederation, largely, it is said, through the influence of the See also:holy See also:man, Bruder Klaus (Niklaus von der Flue). In 1475 the town had taken Illens and Arconciel from Savoy, and in 1536 won from See also:Vaud much territory, including Romont, See also:Rue, Chatel St See also:Denis, Estavayer, St See also:Aubin (by these two conquests its dominion reached the See also:Lake of See also:Neuchatel), as well as Vuissens and Surpierre, which still See also:form outlying portions (physically within the canton of Vaud) of its territory, while in 1537 it took Bulle from the See also:bishop of Lausanne. In 1502-1504 the lordship of See also:Bellegarde or Jaun was bought, while in 1555 it acquired (jointly with Bern) the lands of the last count of the See also:Gruyere, and thus obtained the See also:rich See also:district of that name. From 1475 it ruled (with Bern) the bailiwicks of Morat, Grandson, Orbe and
Echallens, just taken from Savoy, but in 1798 Morat was incorporated with (finally annexed in 1814) the canton of Fribourg, the other bailiwicks being then given to the canton of Leman (later of Vaud). In the 16th century the See also:original democratic See also:government gradually gave See also:place to the See also:oligarchy of the patrician families. Though this government caused much discontent it continued till it was overthrown on the French occupation of 1798.
From 1803 (See also:Act of See also:Mediation) to 1814, Fribourg was one of the six cantons of the Swiss Confederation. But, on the fall of the new regime, in 1814, the old patrician rule was partly restored, as Io8 of the 144 seats in the cantonal legislature were assigned to members of the patrician families. In 1831 the Radicals gained the power and secured the See also:adoption of a more liberal constitution. In 1846 Fribourg (where the Conservatives had regained power in 1837) joined the Sonderbund and, in 1847, saw the Federal troops before its walls, and had to surrender to them. The Radicals now came back to power, and again revised the cantonal constitution in a liberal sense. The Catholic and Conservative party made several attempts to recover their supremacy, but their chiefs were driven into See also:- EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)
exile.
End of Article: FRIBOURG [Ger. Freiburg]
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