|
See also:VAUD (Ger. Waadt) , one of the cantons of See also:south-western See also:Switzerland. Its See also:total See also:area is 1255.2 sq. m. (thus ranking after the See also:Grisons, See also:Bern and the See also:Valais), of which 1056.7 sq. m. are reckoned as " productive " (forests covering 320.1 sq. m. and vineyards 24.9 sq. m., this last region being more extensive than in any other See also:canton). Of the See also:rest, 16ot sq. m. are occupied by the portions of various lakes partly in the canton (See also:Geneva, 1232 sq. M.; See also:Neuchatel, 33 sq. m.; and See also:Morat, 32 sq. m.) and 4'3 by glaciers, the loftiest point in the canton being the Diablerets (1o,65o ft.). The canton is of very irregular shape, as it owes its artificial existence solely to See also:historical causes. It includes practically the whole See also:northern See also:shore of the See also:Lake of Geneva, while it stretches from the " Alpes Vaudoises and Bex, on the S.E., to the See also:Jura and the See also:French frontier, on the N.W. A See also:long narrow See also:tongue extending past Payerne (Peterlingen) to the Lake of Neuchatel is just disconnected with the Avenches region that forms an " See also:enclave " in the canton of See also:Fribourg, while in the canton of Vaud, Fribourg holds the two " enclaves " of Vuissens and Surpierre. A small stretch of the right See also:bank of the See also:Rhone (from Bex to the Lake of Geneva) is within the canton, while various See also:short streams flow down into the Lake of Geneva. But the more northerly portion of the canton, beyond the Jorat range, to the See also:north of See also:Lausanne, and in particular the valley of the Broye, belongs to the See also:Aar, and so to the See also:Rhine See also:basin. The canton is thus hilly rather than mountainous, See also:save at its south-eastern extremity. It is well supplied with See also:railways, including that along the northern shore of the Lake of Geneva, while from Bex through Vallorbes runs the See also:main Simplon .See also:line towards See also:Paris. There are also numerous " regional " or small-See also:gauge railways, as well as See also:mountain lines from See also:Montreux past Glion up the Rochers de Naye, and from See also:Vevey up the Mont Merin, not to speak of that (" Montreux-Oberland " line) See also:direct to the See also:head of the Sarine valley and so by the Simme valley to the Lake of See also:Thun. In 1900 the See also:population was 281,279, of whom 243,463
were French-speaking, 24,372 See also:German-speaking, and 10,667
See also:Italian-speaking, while 242,811 were Protestants (Calvinists,
whether of the larger eglise nationale or of the smaller
eglise libre, founded in 1847), 36,980 Romanists, and 1076
See also:Jews. See also:Agriculture is the main occupation of the inhabitants:
the See also:land is much subdivided and very highly cultivated.
The vineyards give employment to See also:great See also:numbers of See also:people. Much more See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
white See also:wine is produced than red wine. The best white wines of the canton are Yvorne (near Aigle) and La Cote (See also:west of Lausanne), while the vineyard of Lavaux (See also:east of Lausanne) produces both red and white wine. There is not very much See also:industry in the canton, though at Ste Croix in the Jura watches and musical boxes are made, while at Payerne to acco is grown. Many foreigners reside in the canton, partly for reasons of See also:health, partly on See also:account of the educational advantages that it offers. They chiefly favour Lausanne, Vevey and the collection of hamlets known as
" Montreux," as well as Chateaux d'Oex, in the upper Sarine valley. Lausanne (q.v.) is the See also:political See also:capital of the canton. Next in point of population comes the " agglomeration " known as Montreux (q.v.), with 14,144, and Vevey (q.v.), with 11,781. Other important villages or small towns are Yverdon (7985 inhab.), Ste Croix (5905 inhab.), Payerne (5224 inhab.), Nyon (4882 inhab.), Morges (4421 inhab.), Aigle (3897 inhab.), and See also:Chateau d'Oex (3025 inhab.). In educational matters the canton holds a high See also:place. The See also:academy of Lausanne See also:dates from 1537, and was raised to the See also:rank.of a ilniversity in 1890; and there are a very large number of See also:schools and educational establishments at Morges, Lausanne, Vevey, and else-where. See also:Pestalozzi's celebrated institution flourished at Yverdon from 18o6 to 1825. Among the remarkable historical spots in the canton are Avenches (the See also:chief See also:Roman See also:settlement in Helvetia), See also:Grandson (q.v.) (See also:scene of the famous See also:battle in 1476 against See also:Charles the Bold), and the See also:castle of Chillon (where See also:Bonivard, the See also:prior of St See also:Victor at Geneva, was imprisoned from 1530 to 1536 for defending the freedom of Geneva against the See also:duke of See also:Savoy).
The canton is divided into 19 administrative districts, which comprise 388 communes. The cantonal constitution dates from 1885. The See also:government consists s of a See also:Grand Conseil, or great See also:council (one member to every 300 See also:electors or fraction over 150), for legislative and a cons& d'etat, or council of See also:state, of seven members (chosen by the Grand Conseil) for executive purposes. In both cases the See also:term of See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office is four years. Six thousand citizens can compel See also:consideration of any project by the legislature (" initiative," first in 1845), and the See also:referendum exists in its " facultative " See also:form, if demanded by 6000 citizens, and also in See also:case of See also:expenditure (not included in the See also:budget) of over See also:half a million francs. The two members of the Federal StBnderath are named by the Grand Conseil, while the fourteen members of the Federal Nationalrath are chosen by a popular See also:vote. Capital See also:punishment was abolished in 1874.
The See also:early See also:history of the main See also:part of the territories comprised, in the See also:present canton is identical with that of south-west Switzer-land generally. The See also:Romans conquered (58 B.C.) the See also:Celtic See also:Helvetii and so thoroughly colonized the land that it has remained a See also:Romance-speaking See also:district, despite conquests by the Burgundians (5th See also:century) and See also:Franks (532) and the incursions of the See also:Saracens (loth century). It formed part of the See also:empire of See also:Charlemagne, and of the See also:kingdom of Transjurane See also:Burgundy (888-sop), the memory of " See also:good See also:queen Bertha," wife of See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King See also:Rudolph II., being still held in high See also:honour. After the extinction of the See also:house of See also:Zahringen (1218) the See also:counts of Savoy gradually won the larger part of it, especially in the days of See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter TI., " le See also:petit Charlemagne " (d. 1268). The See also:bishop of Lausanne (to which place the see had probably been transferred from Aventicum by See also:Marius the Chronicler at the end of the 6th century), howeyer, still maintained the temporal See also:power given to him by the king of Burgundy, and in. ,1125 had become a See also:prince of the empire. (We must be careful to distinguish between the present canton of Vaud and the old See also:medieval Pays de Vaud: the districts forming the present canton very nearly correspond to the Pays See also:Remand.) See also:Late in the 15th century Bern began to acquire lands to the south from the See also:dukes of Savoy, and it was out of those conquests that the canton was formed in 1798. In 1475 she seized Aigle and (in See also:concert with Fribourg) Echallens and Grandson as well as Orbe (the latter held of the See also:county of Burgundy). Vaud had been occupied by Bern for a See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time (1475-1476), but the final See also:conquest did not take place till 1536, when both Savoyard Vaud and the bishopric of Lausanne (including Lausanne and Avenches) were overrun and annexed by Bern (formally ceded in 1564), who added to them (1555) Chateau d'Oex, as her See also:share of the domains of the See also:debt-laden See also:count of the See also:Gruyere in the See also:division of the spoil she made with Fribourg. Bern in 1526 sent See also:Guillaume See also:Farel, a preacher from See also:Dauphine, to carry out the See also:Reformation at Aigle, and after 1536 the new See also:religion was imposed by force of arms and the bishop's See also:residence moved to Fribourg (permanently from 1663). Thus the whole land became See also:Protestant, save the-district of Echallens. Vaud was ruled very harshly by bailiffs from Bern. In 1588 a See also:plot of some nobles to See also:hand it over to Savoy was crushed, and in 1723 the enthusiastic idealist Davel lost his See also:life in an See also:attempt to raise it to the rank of a canton. Political feeling was therefore much excited by the outbreak of the French Revolution, and a Vaudois, F. C. de la Harpe, an See also:- EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)
exile and a patriot, persuaded the See also:Directory in Paris to See also:march on Vaud in virtue of alleged rights conferred by a treaty of 565. The French troops were received enthusiastically, and the " Lemanicrepublic " was proclaimed (See also:January 1798), succeeded by the short-lived Rhodanic See also:republic, till in March 1798 the canton of Leman was formed as a district of the Helvetic republic. This corresponded precisely with the present canton minus Avenches and Payerne, which were given to the canton of Vaud (set up in 1803). The new canton was thus made up of the Bernese See also:con-
quests of 1475, 1475-76, 1536 and 1555. The constitutions of 1803 and 1814 favoured the towns and wealthy men, so that an
agitation went on for a See also:radical See also:change, which was effected in the constitution of 1831. Originally acting as a mediator, Vaud finally joined the See also:anti-Jesuit See also:movement (especially after the radicals came into power in 1845), opposed the Sonderbund, and accepted the new federal constitution of 1848, of which Druey of Vaud was one of the two drafters. From 1839 to 1846 the canton was distracted by religious struggles, owing to the attempt of the radicals to turn the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church into a See also:simple See also:department of state, a struggle which ended in the splitting off (1847) of the "See also:free church." The cantonal feeling in Vaud is very strong, and was the main cause of the failure of the project of revising the federal constitution in 1872, though that' of 1874 was accepted. In 1879 Vaud was one of the three cantons which voted (though in vain) against a See also:- GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
- GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
- GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
- GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
- GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
- GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
- GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
- GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
- GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
- GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
- GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
- GRANT, U
- GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)
grant in aid of the St Gotthard railway. In 1882 the radicals obtained a great See also:majority, and in 1885 the constitution of 1861 was revised.
End of Article: VAUD (Ger. Waadt)
Additional information and Comments
There are no comments yet for this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.
Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.
Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.
|
del.icio.us it!